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Biomarkers and surrogate outcome measures can be used to monitor disease development, but what can biomarkers tell us about disease processes in axial spondyloarthritis? New research suggests that some biomarkers might be useful in monitoring patients with ankylosing spondylitis, but greater understanding of the pathological mechanisms is needed.
Lessons from the study of other rheumatic diseases are improving our understanding of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). New data implicate Dickkopf-1 in the evolution of the most severe manifestations of the condition. Nevertheless, real insights into the pathogenesis—and treatments that might result from them—are still lacking.
Inflammatory brain disease can affect patients of all ages, and are becoming increasingly recognized. Central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis is one such disease. Here, the authors describe the current knowledge on this devastating inflammatory brain disease and provide a direct comparison of CNS vasculitis in adults and children. Clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, mimics and the spectrum of the disease are also discussed.