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Pei and colleagues report that β-arrestin 1 promotes expression of the prosurvival molecule Bcl-2 in autoreactive CD4+ T cells (p 817, see also News and Views by Frederick and Miller, p 791). The original image (bottom; by Jingwu Z. Zang) shows the spinal cord of a mouse with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with infiltrating CD3+ cells (green) near leptomeningeal vessels stained for vWF (red), an endothelial cell marker. Nuclei are counterstained with DAPI (blue). Artwork by Lewis Long.
Modern cellular and molecular studies have made great progress in characterizing the mechanisms that control immune responses. Now it is time to broaden the present views to accommodate evidence from epitope-specific and other immunoregulatory systems, which were well studied some years ago and are still highly relevant to contemporary work.
At the first meeting of the new three-part EMBO Conference series on “Signaling in the immune system,” immunologists presented key findings and highlighted new questions and emerging trends.
The regulation of T cell survival and apoptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. A new study shows that the transcriptional regulator β-arrestin 1 enhances antiapoptotic Bcl-2 in T cells, which can heighten autoimmune disease.
Tapasin enhances the loading and editing of peptide 'cargo' onto major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, yet it cannot do so alone. Two new reports show that the oxidoreductase ERp57 assists tapasin in these activities.
Time- and tissue-specific recombination of antigen-receptor genes is regulated in part by locus accessibility. New evidence demonstrates a specific function for nucleosome remodeling in the T cell receptor-β locus to allow recombination in thymocytes.
Transcription factor GATA-3 is essential for T lineage development. New data suggest that GATA-3 also can have a determining function in mast cell lineage development.