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In this Review, mechanistic findings of growth inhibition by supraphysiological androgens in prostate cancer are described, and insights from the results of using supraphysiological testosterone and the future clinical development of bipolar androgen therapy as an option for prostate cancer are discussed.
Buccal mucosa graft for urethral reconstruction can be absent or insufficient in patients with failed urethral reconstruction, lichen sclerosus, alterations of the oral cavity and other contraindications. For these patients, the main alternatives are lingual, bladder and rectal mucosa grafts, and multidisciplinary teams worked to set up minimally invasive technologies to reduce morbidity and complications in donor sites.
New evidence suggests that patients undergoing robotic-assisted radical cystectomy for non-metastatic bladder cancer experience better response in terms of days alive and out of the hospital than patients undergoing open radical cystectomy. The robotic approach was associated with improved post-operative mobilization, decreased transfusion requirement and reduced burden on perceived quality of life.
Combination treatment with androgen deprivation therapy plus chemotherapy or novel hormonal agents showed promising results for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer. However, real-world data show a very low uptake of this therapy in clinical practice. In this Perspective, the authors discuss data and potential reasons behind this trend.