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During a chronic viral infection of the brain, cytotoxic T cells (green) migrate into the central nervous system and interact with virally infected cells (pink-red). Visualization of these synapses in vivo is a technical challenge. Oldstone and colleagues on page 918 report on a high-resolution 3D microscopy approach that they used to examine the in situ positions of receptors and signaling and effector molecules after mice were cerebrally infected with lymphocyte choriomeningitis virus.
Although tetramer technology has been wildly successful for examination of MHC class I–recognizing T cells, the same hasn't been true for MHC class II reagents. A recent workshop at the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases was convened to address this.
DCs from different anatomical sites express distinct arrays of alternative HIV receptors. Some of these subsets could represent good gatekeepers, whereas others may be “Trojan horses” that carry HIV into the lymph node.
Apoptosis shapes T cell development and immune responses. The pro-apoptotic molecules Bax and Bak have overlapping essential functions in T cell development and homeostasis.
The complex interaction with APCs that is required for T cell activation is not well understood. A combination of experimental data and mathematical modeling provides insight into the competition between serial triggering and kinetic proofreading.
A deficit of caspase-8 should presumably lead to over-activation of lymphocytes. A recent report in Nature from Lenardo's group, however, describes humans with a severe caspase-8 deficiency whose T cells, counter-intuitively, have impaired activation abilities.
Lymphocyte maturation and survival depend on a canonical NF-κB activation pathway. BAFF, however, uses an alternative NF-κB pathway to mediate signaling in maturing B cells.