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Continuous experience is segmented into discrete mnemonic episodes. The authors identify neurons in the human brain whose responses to cognitive boundaries predict memory encoding success and mark timepoints that are reinstated during retrieval.
By applying operant conditioning, behavioral manipulation, in vivo electrophysiology, computational modeling, and closed-loop optogenetics, the authors reveal a mechanism for action timing in mice mediated by the secondary auditory cortex.
Deep language models have revolutionized natural language processing. The paper discovers three computational principles shared between deep language models and the human brain, which can transform our understanding of the neural basis of language.
The authors use virtual reality tasks and a latent state modeling approach to demonstrate that the opposing control of behavior by striatal pathways is dependent on both task demands and changes in internal state.
Due to a microbiota-dependent increase in intestinal permeability with age, the gut metabolite N6-carboxymethyllysine accumulates in the microglia of mouse and human brains. As a result, microglia display increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells exist in abundance throughout the brain lifelong, with unclear functions. Xiao et al. show that, in zebrafish, these cells regulate the precise formation of retinal ganglion cell arbors and fine-tune visual processing.
This study introduces genetically encoded imaging probes that convert intracellular calcium signaling into hemodynamic fMRI responses. The authors show how the probes can be used to map information flow in reward-related brain circuitry in rats.
Benzodiazepines, used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders, may cause cognitive impairment. Shi et al. demonstrate that this is caused by interaction with the mitochondrial protein TSPO, which drives microglia to excessively remove synapses.
Ratz et al. present an easy-to-use method to barcode progenitor cells, enabling profiling of cell phenotypes and clonal relations using single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, providing an integrated approach for understanding brain architecture.
Neely et al. investigated the regeneration of different oligodendrocytes after demyelination. They found that newly generated cells exhibit much more proficient remyelination than those that survive demyelination, with implications for MS.
The authors implement model-based analyses to uncover strategies used by mice and humans during sensory decision-making. Contrary to common wisdom, mice do not lapse and, instead, switch between sustained engaged and disengaged states.
By profiling multiple epigenetic layers and enhancer activity in vivo, the authors show a widespread remodeling of the regulatory landscape during mouse cortical development and identify Neurog2 as a key transcription factor driving this process.
Using single-nuclei RNA sequencing to interrogate gene expression in peripheral nerves, Yim et al. reveal diverse glial subpopulations and identify a novel myelinating Schwann cell subtype that preferentially ensheathes motor axons and is depleted in ALS nerve samples from mouse models and patients.
Answer ALS is a resource of patient-derived iPS cell lines, multi-omic data derived from iPS neurons and longitudinal clinical and smartphone data from over 1,000 patients with ALS. This serves as a foundation to identify distinct disease subgroups.
The authors analyzed the levels of more than 8,600 proteins across more than 1,000 brain tissues to arrive at a consensus AD brain protein co-expression network that illustrates the complexity and multiple pathological processes that occur in AD, many of which are not reflected at the RNA level.
Neuropixels probes were used to simultaneously record from more than 200 cortical neurons in human participants during neurosurgical procedures. The approach could reveal insights underlying human cognition and pathology.
Le et al. show that, in rodents, females have lower spatial learning threshold before puberty and that sex differences in synaptic plasticity and learning thresholds reverse in the transition to adult life.
Buchanan, Rupprecht, Kaelberer and colleagues show that the preference for sugar over sweetener in mice depends on gut neuropod cells. Akin to other sensor cells, neuropod cells swiftly communicate the precise identity of stimuli to drive food choices.
The authors uncovered the physiological mechanism underlying the functional role of melanin-concentrating hormone in the dorsolateral septum, a region involved in routing hippocampal firing rhythms and encoding spatial memory.
Xie et al. report that GABAergic neurons in the anterior hypothalamic nucleus control mechanically evoked defensive attack, an important survival behavior that is often the last line of defense against threatening stimuli (for example, predators).