Table 2 - Etiologies of brainstem dysfunction
From the following article
Oral, pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter motility disorders
Benson T. Massey and Reza Shaker
GI Motility online (2006)
doi:10.1038/gimo19
Infectious/inflammatory/immune | Multiple sclerosis |
Lupus vasculitis | |
Ischemic | |
Trauma | |
Metabolic/degenerative | Olivopontocerebellar atrophy |
Progressive pontobulbar palsy (Brown-Vialetto-van Laere syndrome) | |
Central pontine myelinolysis | |
Neoplastic | Primary brainstem |
Meningioma | |
Skull base tumors | |
Metastases | |
Other destructive | Cavernous malformation |
Arnold-Chiari malformation | |
Syringobulbia | |
Iatrogenic | Radiation |
Posterior fossa surgery |