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| Open AccessRe-expression of CA1 and entorhinal activity patterns preserves temporal context memory at long timescales
How hippocampal area CA1 and the entorhinal cortex preserve temporal memories over long timescales is not known. Here, the authors show using 7T fMRI, that temporal context memory for scene images is predicted by the re-expression of CA1 and entorhinal cortex activity patterns during subsequent encounters over a period of months.
- Futing Zou
- , Guo Wanjia
- & Sarah DuBrow
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Article
| Open AccessPhonemic segmentation of narrative speech in human cerebral cortex
The neural dynamics underlying speech comprehension are not well understood. Here, the authors show that phonemic-to-lexical processing is localized to a large region of the temporal cortex, and that segmentation of the speech stream occurs mostly at the level of diphones.
- Xue L. Gong
- , Alexander G. Huth
- & Frédéric E. Theunissen
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| Open AccessThe default network dominates neural responses to evolving movie stories
How brain networks process dynamic naturalistic stimuli is not well understood. Here, the authors use machine learning algorithms to show that brain states in the default network capture the semantic aspects of an unfolding narrative during movie watching.
- Enning Yang
- , Filip Milisav
- & Danilo Bzdok
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Article
| Open AccessGenes associated with cognitive ability and HAR show overlapping expression patterns in human cortical neuron types
Using transcriptomic data from human brain cells, the authors show that the expression patterns of the genes implicated in human cognition and brain evolution overlap in specific neuron types, and relate to cellular function and structure.
- Stan L. W. Driessens
- , Anna A. Galakhova
- & Natalia A. Goriounova
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| Open AccessReinforcement learning establishes a minimal metacognitive process to monitor and control motor learning performance
Metacognition is fundamental for regulating learning speeds and memory retention. Here, the authors demonstrate that reinforcement learning mediates this process in implicit motor learning, maximizing rewards and minimizing punishments.
- Taisei Sugiyama
- , Nicolas Schweighofer
- & Jun Izawa
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Article
| Open AccessAmphetamine disrupts dopamine axon growth in adolescence by a sex-specific mechanism in mice
Adolescent drug use augments psychiatric risk. Here the authors show that abused drugs dysregulate adolescent Netrin-1/DCC signaling, triggering ectopic long-distance dopamine axon growth in males while Netrin1 compensatory events protect females.
- Lauren M. Reynolds
- , Giovanni Hernandez
- & Cecilia Flores
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Article
| Open AccessNatural statistics support a rational account of confidence biases
Human decision confidence displays a number of biases and has been shown to dissociate from decision accuracy. Here, by using neural network and Bayesian models, the authors show that these effects can be explained by the statistics of sensory inputs.
- Taylor W. Webb
- , Kiyofumi Miyoshi
- & Hakwan Lau
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| Open AccessThe intersection of the retrieval state and internal attention
People are thought to engage a retrieval brain state when they bring to mind past experiences. Here, using multivariate pattern classification analyses across experimental paradigms, the author shows that internal attention is a central process of the retrieval state.
- Nicole M. Long
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| Open AccessLearning-induced reorganization of number neurons and emergence of numerical representations in a biologically inspired neural network
How the brain represents numbers remains poorly understood. Here, the authors uncover the emergence of absolute and relative magnitude representations of quantity in a biologically-inspired neural network, mirroring observations in children during numerical skill acquisition.
- Percy K. Mistry
- , Anthony Strock
- & Vinod Menon
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| Open AccessPredictive neural representations of naturalistic dynamic input
The neural processes underlying the prediction of unfolding external dynamics are not well understood. Here, the authors combine magnetoencephalography and naturalistic dynamic stimuli and show predictive neural representations of observed actions which are hierarchical in nature.
- Ingmar E. J. de Vries
- & Moritz F. Wurm
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Article
| Open AccessCortical glutamate and GABA are related to compulsive behaviour in individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder and healthy controls
The neurochemical basis of compulsive behaviour is not well understood. Here, the authors show that levels of glutamate and GABA in the supplementary motor area and anterior cingulate cortex relate to compulsive behaviour in healthy controls and individuals with OCD.
- Marjan Biria
- , Paula Banca
- & Trevor W. Robbins
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Article
| Open AccessNeural correlates of hierarchical predictive processes in autistic adults
It remains unclear whether autism spectrum disorder is characterized by changes in predictive mechanisms. Here, the authors show that, in both neurotypical and autistic adults, priors influence percepts at the behavioral and neural levels and are hierarchically encoded in the brain.
- Laurie-Anne Sapey-Triomphe
- , Lauren Pattyn
- & Johan Wagemans
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Article
| Open AccessHuman orbitofrontal cortex signals decision outcomes to sensory cortex during behavioral adaptations
How the prefrontal cortex interacts with sensory cortex for behavioral adaptation in humans is unclear. Here, Wang et al. show that prediction-error related activity in lateral orbitofrontal cortex is conveyed as a teaching signal to update the outcome representation in sensory cortex.
- Bin A. Wang
- , Maike Veismann
- & Burkhard Pleger
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| Open AccessLanguage network lateralization is reflected throughout the macroscale functional organization of cortex
Hemispheric specialization is a fundamental aspect of human brain organization. Here, the authors demonstrate that language lateralization is heritable and evident throughout the broad functional architecture of cortex.
- Loïc Labache
- , Tian Ge
- & Avram J. Holmes
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Article
| Open AccessA shared neural code for the physics of actions and object events
The authors examine how the brain processes actions performed by humans and events involving objects. Their findings suggest that a common neural code is used in the brain’s action observation network to represent event information, regardless of animacy.
- Seda Karakose-Akbiyik
- , Alfonso Caramazza
- & Moritz F. Wurm
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Article
| Open AccessHierarchical fluctuation shapes a dynamic flow linked to states of consciousness
The neuroanatomical basis of consciousness is not fully understood. Here the authors show that a global state of consciousness might not depend on a specific brain region or location in Euclidean space; rather, it is linked to a low-dimensional dynamic pattern in topological space, as shown through the analysis of different experimental paradigms, imaging techniques, and species.
- Ang Li
- , Haiyang Liu
- & Bing Liu
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Article
| Open AccessMicrostructural and functional plasticity following repeated brain stimulation during cognitive training in older adults
The neural mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of behavioural training in combination with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are not well understood. Here, the authors combine cognitive training with tDCS, showing a modulation of prefrontal white and grey matter microstructure, and increased prefrontal functional connectivity.
- Daria Antonenko
- , Anna Elisabeth Fromm
- & Agnes Flöel
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Article
| Open AccessInefficient prioritization of task-relevant attributes during instrumental information demand
People actively seek information but can be inefficient in identifying informative observations. The authors show that these inefficiencies covary with personality traits and persist under instrumental incentives and despite minimal memory load.
- Isabella Rischall
- , Laura Hunter
- & Jacqueline Gottlieb
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Article
| Open AccessTask state representations in vmPFC mediate relevant and irrelevant value signals and their behavioral influence
The ventromedial prefrontal-cortex (vmPFC) encodes expected value signals that contribute to choices. Here the authors show that during decision-making the human ventromedial prefrontal cortex contains a task-context representation that arbitrates between simultaneously active representations of expected values in the current versus other task contexts.
- Nir Moneta
- , Mona M. Garvert
- & Nicolas W. Schuck
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Article
| Open AccessLearning how network structure shapes decision-making for bio-inspired computing
Better understanding of a trade-off between the speed and accuracy of decision-making is relevant for mapping biological intelligence to machines. The authors introduce a brain-inspired learning algorithm to uncover dependencies in individual fMRI networks with features of neural activity and predict inter-individual differences in decision-making.
- Michael Schirner
- , Gustavo Deco
- & Petra Ritter
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| Open AccessGoal-oriented representations in the human hippocampus during planning and navigation
Several lines of evidence suggest the hippocampus plays a key role in navigation. Here, the authors show that during navigation hippocampal patterns represent context-specific, goal-oriented information.
- Jordan Crivelli-Decker
- , Alex Clarke
- & Charan Ranganath
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| Open AccessDistinct beta frequencies reflect categorical decisions
How the brain achieves context-dependent, flexible categorization remains poorly understood. By looking at neural ensemble formation, this study finds that distinct beta rhythms signal categorical decisions, and category-selective neurons synchronize at those frequencies.
- Elie Rassi
- , Yi Zhang
- & Saskia Haegens
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| Open AccessSemantic novelty modulates neural responses to visual change across the human brain
Movies are complex, continuous stimuli that are characterized by visual and semantic novelty. Here, by leveraging intracranial recordings from 23 humans, the authors find that responses to novelty across film cuts and saccades are widespread in the brain.
- Maximilian Nentwich
- , Marcin Leszczynski
- & Lucas C. Parra
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| Open AccessA rapid theta network mechanism for flexible information encoding
Filtering or gating relevant information into working memory has been attributed to the striatum. Here, the authors reveal neocortical filtering mechanisms, namely, rapid changes in oscillatory theta networks, that predict fast and flexible human behavior.
- Elizabeth L. Johnson
- , Jack J. Lin
- & David Badre
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| Open AccessCross-stage neural pattern similarity in the hippocampus predicts false memory derived from post-event inaccurate information
The neural processes underlying the misinformation effect, where post-event information can alter memory, are not well understood. Here, the authors show that during the memory test phase, misinformation competes with original information in the hippocampus to produce false memory.
- Xuhao Shao
- , Ao Li
- & Bi Zhu
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| Open AccessError-related signaling in nucleus accumbens D2 receptor-expressing neurons guides inhibition-based choice behavior in mice
The mechanisms that inhibit behaviors that lead to undesirable outcomes are not fully understood. Here, authors show error signaling via dopamine D2 receptor-expressing neurons in the NAc optimizes future choice by inhibiting incorrect behavior.
- Tadaaki Nishioka
- , Suthinee Attachaipanich
- & Takatoshi Hikida
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| Open AccessIntrinsic timescales in the visual cortex change with selective attention and reflect spatial connectivity
Not much is known about how intrinsic timescales, which characterize the dynamics of endogenous fluctuations in neural activity, change during cognitive tasks. Here, the authors show that intrinsic timescales of neural activity in the primate visual cortex change during spatial attention. Experimental data were best explained by a network model in which timescales arise from spatially arranged connectivity.
- Roxana Zeraati
- , Yan-Liang Shi
- & Tatiana A. Engel
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Article
| Open AccessWhite matter disconnection of left multiple demand network is associated with post-lesion deficits in cognitive control
The anatomy of white matter tracts which coordinate the computations of cognitive control are not well understood. Here, the authors show that lesions in white matter connecting left frontoparietal regions are associated with deficits in cognitive control performance.
- Jiefeng Jiang
- , Joel Bruss
- & Aaron D. Boes
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Article
| Open AccessSubjective signal strength distinguishes reality from imagination
How humans distinguish perception from mental imagery is not well understood. Here, the authors show that reality judgements are based on the intensity of a mixture of imagined and real signals.
- Nadine Dijkstra
- & Stephen M. Fleming
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| Open AccessComplexity of cortical wave patterns of the wake mouse cortex
The cerebral cortex has ongoing electrical activities with rich and complex patterns in space and time. Here, the authors use optical voltage imaging in mice and computational methods, relating these complexities to different levels of wakefulness.
- Yuqi Liang
- , Junhao Liang
- & Changsong Zhou
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| Open AccessWorking memory control dynamics follow principles of spatial computing
It is unclear how cognitive computations are performed on sensory information. Here, neural evidence from working memory tasks suggests that the physical dimensions of cortical networks are used to update the status of sensory representations.
- Mikael Lundqvist
- , Scott L. Brincat
- & Pawel Herman
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| Open AccessExpectation violations enhance neuronal encoding of sensory information in mouse primary visual cortex
In order to efficiently process incoming sensory information, our brain is thought to make predictions about future events. Here, the authors show how neurons in the mouse visual cortex enhance their representation of unpredicted surprising events.
- Matthew F. Tang
- , Ehsan Kheradpezhouh
- & Ehsan Arabzadeh
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| Open AccessEntorhinal grid-like codes and time-locked network dynamics track others navigating through space
Navigating through everyday environments requires the ability to keep track of others. Here, the authors show this ability is linked to grid-like codes in the human entorhinal cortex that signal the spatial paths other individuals take.
- Isabella C. Wagner
- , Luise P. Graichen
- & Claus Lamm
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Article
| Open AccessNeural mechanisms underlying the hierarchical construction of perceived aesthetic value
How the brain computes the value of complex stimuli such as visual art remains poorly understood. Here, the authors use computational models and fMRI to show that this process involves an integration over low- and high-level features across visual, parietal, and frontal cortical areas.
- Kiyohito Iigaya
- , Sanghyun Yi
- & John P. O’Doherty
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| Open AccessInferring visual space from ultra-fine extra-retinal knowledge of gaze position
It is unknown how humans establish stable visual percepts despite the incessant motion of their eyes. Here the authors report that visual judgments of spatial relations incorporate fine-scale motor knowledge of eye position.
- Zhetuo Zhao
- , Ehud Ahissar
- & Michele Rucci
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| Open AccessDistributed context-dependent choice information in mouse posterior cortex
In the posterior cortex, which is involved in decision making, the strength and area specificity of choice signals are highly variable. Here the authors show that the representation of choice in the posterior area of the mouse brain is orthogonal to that of sensory and movement-related signals, with modulations determined by task features and cognitive demands.
- Javier G. Orlandi
- , Mohammad Abdolrahmani
- & Andrea Benucci
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| Open AccessThe Stroop effect involves an excitatory–inhibitory fronto-cerebellar loop
It remains unclear how the Stroop effect occurs and gets resolved in the human brain. Here, the authors show that a functional loop involving the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum may play a critical role during word-color perception.
- Moe Okayasu
- , Tensei Inukai
- & Koji Jimura
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| Open AccessChoice selective inhibition drives stability and competition in decision circuits
In decision circuits, inhibitory neurons signal animal choices. Here, the authors show that choice-selective inhibition can stabilize the circuit dynamics or promote competition depending on inhibitory output connections, affecting choice behavior.
- James P. Roach
- , Anne K. Churchland
- & Tatiana A. Engel
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| Open AccessDecreased but diverse activity of cortical and thalamic neurons in consciousness-impairing rodent absence seizures
Absence seizures impair consciousness by an unknown neuronal mechanism. Here, the authors find that a rat absence seizure model’s behavior and hemodynamics recapitulate previously reported characteristics of human absence seizures, and uncover four distinct patterns of neuronal activity in cortex and thalamus during consciousness-impairing seizures.
- Cian McCafferty
- , Benjamin F. Gruenbaum
- & Hal Blumenfeld
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| Open AccessFunctional geometry of the cortex encodes dimensions of consciousness
Dimensions of consciousness such as wakefulness or awareness are well established but have not been mapped to the brain. Here, the authors show that dimensions of consciousness are encoded in the functional geometry of the cortex.
- Zirui Huang
- , George A. Mashour
- & Anthony G. Hudetz
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| Open AccessCerebro-cerebellar networks facilitate learning through feedback decoupling
Behavioral feedback is critical for learning, but it is often not available. Here, the authors introduce a deep learning model in which the cerebellum provides the cerebrum with feedback predictions, thereby facilitating learning, reducing dysmetria, and making several experimental predictions.
- Ellen Boven
- , Joseph Pemberton
- & Rui Ponte Costa
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| Open AccessMemory for nonadjacent dependencies in the first year of life and its relation to sleep
Grammar learning requires memory for temporally organised, rule-based patterns in speech. Here, the authors use event-related potentials to show that 6 to 8 month-old infants can form memory of dependencies between nonadjacent elements in sentences of an unknown language, regardless of whether they nap or stay awake after encoding.
- Manuela Friedrich
- , Matthias Mölle
- & Angela D. Friederici
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| Open AccessDynamic control of decision and movement speed in the human basal ganglia
The neural mechanisms determining the speed of decisions and movements in the human brain remain poorly understood. Here, the authors reveal that the subthalamic nucleus causally controls decision and movement speed independently for each hemisphere.
- Damian M. Herz
- , Manuel Bange
- & Peter Brown
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| Open AccessVisual motion perception as online hierarchical inference
How the human visual system leverages the rich structure in object motion for perception remains unclear. Here, Bill et al. propose a theory of how the brain could infer motion relations in real time and offer a unifying explanation for various perceptual phenomena.
- Johannes Bill
- , Samuel J. Gershman
- & Jan Drugowitsch
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| Open AccessHuman visual consciousness involves large scale cortical and subcortical networks independent of task report and eye movement activity
Isolating the neural mechanisms of consciousness is complicated by task report and other irrelevant signals. Here, the authors removed report and eye movement confounds to uncover large scale cortical-subcortical networks specific for human visual consciousness.
- Sharif I. Kronemer
- , Mark Aksen
- & Hal Blumenfeld
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Article
| Open AccessIntrinsic brain dynamics in the Default Mode Network predict involuntary fluctuations of visual awareness
The default mode network (DMN) is known to be involved in consciousness. Here the authors show intrinsic EEG oscillations in default mode network can predict upcoming involuntarily perceptual transitions.
- Dian Lyu
- , Shruti Naik
- & Emmanuel A. Stamatakis
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Article
| Open AccessNumber selective sensorimotor neurons in the crow translate perceived numerosity into number of actions
Translating a perceived number into a matching number of self-generated actions is key in numerical reasoning. Here, the authors report sensorimotor neurons in the crow telencephalon that signaled the impending number of self-generated actions.
- Maximilian E. Kirschhock
- & Andreas Nieder
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| Open AccessCollective genomic segments with differential pleiotropic patterns between cognitive dimensions and psychopathology
Cognitive impairments are a key feature of psychopathology. Here, authors exploit the genetic overlap between cognitive dimensions and psychopathology to parse the biology of psychiatric illness and identify “meta-loci” genome segments characterized by specific patterns of overlap.
- Max Lam
- , Chia-Yen Chen
- & Todd Lencz
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| Open AccessCoordinated cortical thickness alterations across six neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders
Neuropsychiatric disorders may have shared features. Here the authors identified hubs of transdiagnostic co-alteration networks using meta-analytical maps of ENIGMA neuroimaging data for six neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
- M. D. Hettwer
- , S. Larivière
- & S. L. Valk