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Using 20-million-year-old amber to test the super-Arrhenius behaviour of glass-forming systems
Classical theory predicts that glass dynamics exhibit a singularity at some finite temperature. Zhao et al. test this theory in fossil amber by determining upper bounds of the equilibrium relaxation times, and find no such behaviour even far below the glass transition challenging conventional assumptions.
- Jing Zhao
- , Sindee L. Simon
- & Gregory B. McKenna
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| Open AccessA synthetic route to ultralight hierarchically micro/mesoporous Al(III)-carboxylate metal-organic aerogels
Hierarchically porous metal-organic monoliths are potential materials for mass transfer applications. Here, the authors synthesize metal-organic aerogels via the gelation of metal-organic frameworks, and are able to tune their porosity exploiting the properties of both crystalline and aerogel materials.
- Lei Li
- , Shenglin Xiang
- & Cheng-Yong Su
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| Open AccessCalix[n]imidazolium as a new class of positively charged homo-calix compounds
Only two types of neutral homo-calix compounds, including analogues, have been reported. Chun et al. now describe a new class of positively charged calix[n]imidazolium, which is synthesized in one pot and is able to recognize anions and fullerenes in aqueous media.
- Young Chun
- , N Jiten Singh
- & Kwang S Kim
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| Open AccessNanobatteries in redox-based resistive switches require extension of memristor theory
The original definition of a memristor envisions a two-terminal memory device with a pinched, zero-crossing hysteresis loop. As the authors show here, an electromotive force leads to non-zero-crossing characteristics in nanoionic-type memristors, implying that the memristor definition must be amended.
- I. Valov
- , E. Linn
- & R. Waser
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A top–down strategy towards monodisperse colloidal lead sulphide quantum dots
Quantum dots with a fine size dispersion offer attractive levels of functional control and manipulation. In this study, Yang et al. report an environmentally friendly top–down synthesis technique, based on laser irradiation of a polydisperse of lead sulphide nanocrystals.
- Jing Yang
- , Tao Ling
- & Xi-Wen Du
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High-power lithium ion microbatteries from interdigitated three-dimensional bicontinuous nanoporous electrodes
Microbatteries offer new opportunities for microelectronics, but performance and integration remain a challenge. Pikul et al. develop a lithium ion microbattery with fully integrated nanoporous electrodes, which exceeds the power densities of most supercapacitors while retaining high-energy density.
- James H. Pikul
- , Hui Gang Zhang
- & William P. King
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Codoping titanium dioxide nanowires with tungsten and carbon for enhanced photoelectrochemical performance
Titanium dioxide nanowires are used as photoanodes in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Here Zheng et al. demonstrate that doping these nanowires with tungsten and carbon atom pairs considerably enhances their performance.
- In Sun Cho
- , Chi Hwan Lee
- & Xiaolin Zheng
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New materials for methane capture from dilute and medium-concentration sources
Methane is an important greenhouse gas but its capture presents a challenge due to its weak interactions with most materials. Here the authors perform a systematic screening of liquid solvents and nanoporous zeolites, and identify zeolite structures with good potential for methane uptake and separation.
- Jihan Kim
- , Amitesh Maiti
- & Roger D. Aines
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Highly sensitive sulphide mapping in live cells by kinetic spectral analysis of single Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles
H2S is an important gasotransmitter in many physiological processes but its concentrations are difficult to measure in vivo. Xiong et al. demonstrate that local variations in H2S levels in live cells can be mapped in real time via spectral shift rates of Au-Ag core-shell plasmonic nanoprobes.
- Bin Xiong
- , Rui Zhou
- & Edward S. Yeung
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Externally controlled on-demand release of anti-HIV drug using magneto-electric nanoparticles as carriers
Magneto-electric nanoparticles may facilitate the low-energy and dissipation-free field-triggered release of drugs across the blood–brain barrier. Here, the authors demonstrate the a.c. field-triggered release of anti-HIV drugs and confirm the in vitrodrug integrity after release.
- Madhavan Nair
- , Rakesh Guduru
- & Sakhrat Khizroev
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Intercalation and delamination of layered carbides and carbonitrides
Intercalation materials are of interest for batteries because of their capability of accommodating ions in their layered structures. Mashtalir et al. develop a new battery electrode material using two-dimensional intercalated carbides, which exhibit high lithium-ion conductivity and capacity.
- Olha Mashtalir
- , Michael Naguib
- & Yury Gogotsi
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Polaron hopping mediated by nuclear tunnelling in semiconducting polymers at high carrier density
Although polymers are widely used in electric and photonic devices, the mechanism of charge transport across polymer chains is still not well understood. Here de Leeuw and colleagues propose a model that unifies experimental observations at high carrier densities.
- Kamal Asadi
- , Auke J. Kronemeijer
- & Dago M. de Leeuw
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A violation of the uncertainty principle implies a violation of the second law of thermodynamics
The laws of thermodynamics and of quantum mechanics are usually derived within different theoretical frameworks. But, Haenggi and Wehner show they are intimately related, such that a violation of quantum uncertainty would allow a heat cycle with a net work gain, violating the second law of thermodynamics.
- Esther Hänggi
- & Stephanie Wehner
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Graphene-modified LiFePO4 cathode for lithium ion battery beyond theoretical capacity
The specific capacity of an important commercial cathode material, lithium iron phosphate, is much lower than its theoretical value. Hu et al. report that incorporation of electrochemically exfoliated graphene layers in a carbon coating improves capacity beyond that predicted by theory.
- By Lung-Hao Hu
- , Feng-Yu Wu
- & Lain-Jong Li
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| Open AccessReactivity mapping with electrochemical gradients for monitoring reactivity at surfaces in space and time
Liquid chemical reactions on surfaces are important, but conventional characterization techniques for solutions cannot be directly applied. This study shows a high-throughput method to control and monitor chemical reactivity on surfaces via an electrochemically produced pH gradient in solutions.
- Sven O. Krabbenborg
- , Carlo Nicosia
- & Jurriaan Huskens
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| Open AccessDesign principle for increasing charge mobility of π-conjugated polymers using regularly localized molecular orbitals
Polymers are good potential processable materials for electronic components; however, their charge mobilities are quite low. Here, the authors show that wrapping polymers with macrocycles and localization of π-orbitals realizes an ideal orbital alignment for charge hopping with subsequently increased mobility.
- Jun Terao
- , Akihisa Wadahama
- & Yasushi Tsuji
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Stepwise self-assembly of C60 mediated by atomic scale moiré magnifiers
A promising route towards molecular devices is the self-assembly of atoms or molecules on a surface. Here, Gruznev et al. show that the synthesis of unique geometries of C60molecules on gold–indium-covered crystalline silicon is governed by moiré interference.
- D.V. Gruznev
- , A.V. Matetskiy
- & Y.L. Wang
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Mass spectrometric analysis of mono- and multi-phosphopeptides by selective binding with NiZnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles
The isolation of phosphorylated peptides is important for understanding protein function. Here, the authors use magnetic nanoparticles for the selective analysis of phosphorylated peptides, and show that the composition of the nanoparticles affects the selectivity for mono- or multi-phosphorylated compounds.
- Hongying Zhong
- , Xiao Xiao
- & Jie Kang
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Photochemical activity of Titan’s low-altitude condensed haze
The atmosphere of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, consists of orange-yellow haze, but its formation and dynamics are not well understood. Here laboratory studies show that Titan’s lower atmosphere is photochemically active and the formation of complex prebiotic precursor molecules occurs at lower altitudes.
- Murthy S. Gudipati
- , Ronen Jacovi
- & Mark Allen
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| Open AccessUnusually stable ~100-fold reversible and instantaneous swelling of inorganic layered materials
Cells are known to swell and shrink in certain solutions, however no inorganic equivalent has been observed to date. Here, the authors demonstrate 100-fold reversible swelling of crystalline lamellar materials, which may be attributed to the long-range directional structuring of intercalated water molecules.
- Fengxia Geng
- , Renzhi Ma
- & Takayoshi Sasaki
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| Open AccessEffective localized collection and identification of airborne species through electrodynamic precipitation and SERS-based detection
Effective collection of molecules on a small sensing area is not possible based on diffusion alone and the employment of a directed force is required. The authors report a localized electrodynamic precipitation concept to collect, spot and detect airborne species in an active-matrix array-like fashion.
- En-Chiang Lin
- , Jun Fang
- & Heiko O. Jacobs
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Rotational separation of non-spherical bioparticles using I-shaped pillar arrays in a microfluidic device
Microfluidic separation devices are usually designed for spherical particles, but many biological particles are non-spherical; for example, red blood cells and bacteria. Using I-shaped pillar designs, Zhang et al. demonstrate a better sorting capability for non-spherical particles.
- Kerwin Kwek Zeming
- , Shashi Ranjan
- & Yong Zhang
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| Open AccessQuantum coherence controls the charge separation in a prototypical artificial light-harvesting system
In artificial photosynthetic devices, conversion of light into electricity is thought to involve an incoherent electron transfer process. Rozzi et al.provide evidence for quantum-correlated wavelike motion inducing the ultrafast photoinduced electronic charge transfer in a light-harvesting supramolecular triad.
- Carlo Andrea Rozzi
- , Sarah Maria Falke
- & Christoph Lienau
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Solvent-free aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons and alcohols with Pd@N-doped carbon from glucose
The development of efficient catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons to high-value chemicals is industrially important. Here, the authors show that palladium nanoparticles loaded on porous nitrogen-doped carbon are highly active catalysts under laboratory and industrially relevant conditions.
- Pengfei Zhang
- , Yutong Gong
- & Yong Wang
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| Open AccessA two-atom electron pump
Transistors that operate by the passage of electrons through a single-dopant atom achieve the ultimate limit for the miniaturization of electronic devices, but only when multiple transistors are intimately connected can they become useful. Roche et al. demonstrate the equivalent of just this, connecting two such transistors to build a two-atom electron pump.
- B. Roche
- , R.-P. Riwar
- & X. Jehl
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Controlling colloidal phase transitions with critical Casimir forces
Colloids consist of small particles distributed in another medium such as liquids or gases. Here, the demonstration that forces arising from the critical Casimir effect can control the interaction between particles offers new possibilities for the formation of colloidal nanostructures.
- Van Duc Nguyen
- , Suzanne Faber
- & Peter Schall
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Rational screening low-cost counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells
The main constraint on the large-scale use of platinum catalyst in energy-conversion devices is its cost. Hou et al.propose a screening strategy to search for non-platinum-based alternatives, which suggests that inexpensive and abundant ferric oxides exhibit comparable electrocatalytic activity to platinum.
- Yu Hou
- , Dong Wang
- & Hua Gui Yang
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| Open AccessTuneable enhancement of the salt and thermal stability of polymeric micelles by cyclized amphiphiles
The cyclic structure of cell membrane lipids is known to allow thermophilic archaea to survive in extreme environments. Here, Honda et al.report an improvement in thermal and salt stability of self-assembled micelles by cyclized polymeric amphiphiles.
- Satoshi Honda
- , Takuya Yamamoto
- & Yasuyuki Tezuka
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Moderate doping leads to high performance of semiconductor/insulator polymer blend transistors
Blends of different polymer compounds are widely used for organic field-effect transistors. Here, Neher and colleagues show that moderate carrier doping is important to achieve maximum performance in blends of insulating and semiconducting polymers.
- Guanghao Lu
- , James Blakesley
- & Dieter Neher
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X-ray observation of a helium atom and placing a nitrogen atom inside He@C60 and He@C70
Helium has not, to date, been observed crystallographically. Here, the authors report the first crystallographic observation of a helium atom, encapsulated in a fullerene, and show that it exerts a small but detectable influence on the electronic structure of a coencapsulated nitrogen atom.
- Yuta Morinaka
- , Satoru Sato
- & Yasujiro Murata
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A hydrothermal anvil made of graphene nanobubbles on diamond
The hardness and incompressibility of diamond makes it an ideal material for high-pressure anvil cells. Here, a method for generating static pressure is described in which graphene-coated diamond is heated, forming graphene nanobubbles that trap water at pressures sufficient to etch the surface of diamond.
- Candy Haley Yi Xuan Lim
- , Anastassia Sorkin
- & Kian Ping Loh
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Substrate-mediated band-dispersion of adsorbate molecular states
Charge carrier mobility in molecular condensate is usually limited to small values by disorder and small intermolecular coupling. This work shows band dispersion of molecular states when hybridized with a metal substrate, resulting in enhanced carrier mobility.
- M. Wießner
- , J. Ziroff
- & F. Reinert
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| Open AccessExcitation-dependent visible fluorescence in decameric nanoparticles with monoacylglycerol cluster chromophores
Organic fluorescent nanoparticles have potential biomaterials applications due to their low-toxicity and ‘green’ synthesis. Here, a series of self-assembled nanoparticles and polymers are synthesized with intense visible fluorescence stemming from chromophores of hydrogen-bonded monoacylglycerol clusters.
- Kwang-Ming Lee
- , Wan-Yin Cheng
- & Bi-Yun Lin
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Colloidal ribbons and rings from Janus magnetic rods
Materials with magnetic dipoles commonly form the building blocks of complex structures at many different length scales. Yan et al. show that by using cylindrical magnetic Janus colloids, greater control over the shape of the hierarchical structures formed by self-assembly can be achieved.
- Jing Yan
- , Kundan Chaudhary
- & Steve Granick
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Porous materials with pre-designed single-molecule traps for CO2 selective adsorption
The synthesis of porous materials designed with specific applications in mind is fundamentally challenging. Here, the authors fabricate single-molecule trap cavities designed for complimentary interactions with CO2 and show that these traps can be assembled into materials with high CO2selectivity.
- Jian-Rong Li
- , Jiamei Yu
- & Hong-Cai Zhou
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Influenza neuraminidase operates via a nucleophilic mechanism and can be targeted by covalent inhibitors
New influenza neuramidase inhibitors may increase preparedness against influenza outbreaks. Vavricka et al.confirm the catalytic mechanism of neuramidase and show that it can be inhibited irreversibly with covalent inhibitors.
- Christopher J. Vavricka
- , Yue Liu
- & George F. Gao
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Ion-association complexes unite classical and non-classical theories for the biomimetic nucleation of calcium phosphate
In many solution systems, nanometre-sized structural units are present before nucleation, but little is known about these pre-nucleation clusters. Habraken et al.show that, for the crystallization of calcium phosphate, these nanometre-sized units are calcium triphosphate complexes.
- Wouter J. E. M. Habraken
- , Jinhui Tao
- & Nico A. J. M. Sommerdijk
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Chemically programmed self-sorting of gelator networks
The fabrication self-sorting supramolecular gels, containing co-existing homomolecular assemblies with similar physical and chemical properties, is challenging. Here pH-controlled self-sorting gelators are reported, where the order of assembly of each component is predetermined by gelator pKa.
- Kyle L. Morris
- , Lin Chen
- & Dave J. Adams
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Organic topological insulators in organometallic lattices
Topological insulators are bulk insulators with conductive boundary states, and until now have been based only on inorganic materials. Wang et al.use first-principles calculations to predict a class of organic topological insulators based on organometallic lattices exhibiting robust topological edge states.
- Z.F Wang
- , Zheng Liu
- & Feng Liu
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Electrical power generation by mechanically modulating electrical double layers
Electricity can be generated by moving wires in magnetic fields, but this is not the only method. Moon et al. develop an electrochemical device that produces an AC current in a controlled manner by mechanically modulating water bridges sandwiched between two conducting plates.
- Jong Kyun Moon
- , Jaeki Jeong
- & Hyuk Kyu Pak
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Ground-state proton transfer in the photoswitching reactions of the fluorescent protein Dronpa
The ‘on’ and ‘off’ states of the photoswitchable protein Dronpa have been characterized, but the interconversion process remains poorly understood. Here the authors perform time-resolved ultrafast infrared measurements to follow both the structural changes and proton transfer events that occur during conversion.
- Mark M. Warren
- , Marius Kaucikas
- & Jasper J. van Thor
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Spatial separation of photogenerated electrons and holes among {010} and {110} crystal facets of BiVO4
Charge separation determines the efficiency of semiconductor-based photocatalysts. Here Li et al. show that, in BiVO4, photogenerated electrons and holes accumulate on different crystal facets and the targeted deposition of cocatalysts increases the efficiency of photocatalytic water oxidation.
- Rengui Li
- , Fuxiang Zhang
- & Can Li
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Engineering the architectural diversity of heterogeneous metallic nanocrystals
Engineering heterogeneous metallic nanocrystals could produce diverse materials with tunable properties. Here the authors develop a strategy for the rational and independent programming of each architecture-determining element, such as the shape, size and spatial relationship of the component nanocrystals.
- Yue Yu
- , Qingbo Zhang
- & Jim Yang Lee
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Electronic signature of the instantaneous asymmetry in the first coordination shell of liquid water
There are conflicting views about the symmetrical/asymmetrical nature of the hydrogen-bond network in water. This theoretical study reveals that water molecules in liquid form highly asymmetric hydrogen bonds and that this asymmetry relaxes rapidly towards an average symmetrical structure.
- Thomas D. Kühne
- & Rustam Z. Khaliullin
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A six-carbon 10π-electron aromatic system supported by group 3 metals
Aromaticity predicts the existence of the benzene tetra-anion, although it has not been unambiguously observed. Here, the authors have synthesized a tetra-anionic substituted benzene as a ligand and characterize the six-carbon, 10 π-electron system by structural, spectroscopic and theoretical techniques.
- Wenliang Huang
- , Florian Dulong
- & Paula L. Diaconescu
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| Open AccessJanus graphene from asymmetric two-dimensional chemistry
Janus materials have distinct chemical functionalities on opposite faces. Zhang et al.report that a two-step covalent functionalisation and poly(methyl methacrylate)-mediated transfer process facilitates the synthesis of nonsymmetrically modified single-layer graphene.
- Liming Zhang
- , Jingwen Yu
- & Zhongfan Liu
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Solution-phase epitaxial growth of noble metal nanostructures on dispersible single-layer molybdenum disulfide nanosheets
The ‘wet’ chemical epitaxial growth of nanostructures on semiconducting surfaces is usually hindered by surface defects. Here, the authors show that large surface area single-layer molybdenum disulphide is an ideal substrate for epitaxial growth of a range of metallic nanoparticles.
- Xiao Huang
- , Zhiyuan Zeng
- & Hua Zhang
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| Open AccessGlobally homochiral assembly of two-dimensional molecular networks triggered by co-absorbers
The construction of homochiral surfaces may play a significant role in applications including heterogeneous catalysis and bio-sensors. Here, globally homochiral two-dimensional assemblies of achiral molecules are formed via co-assembly with chiral co-adsorbers, demonstrating a ‘majority rules’ effect.
- Ting Chen
- , Wen-Hong Yang
- & Li-Jun Wan
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Unprecedented high-temperature CO2 selectivity in N2-phobic nanoporous covalent organic polymers
Porous materials are well studied for gas capture and separation technologies. Here, the authors report nitrogen-rich, nanoporous polymers, which display very high CO2/N2 selectivity with increasing temperature, which may be attributable to an entropically driven N2-phobicity effect.
- Hasmukh A. Patel
- , Sang Hyun Je
- & Ali Coskun
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