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The generation of an HIV vaccine remains the holy grail for eliminating HIV infection worldwide. Major advances in 2018 centred on sequential multi-immunogen strategies that are designed to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies, identifying new targets and defining new approaches to immunogen evaluation.
This Review discusses the importance of autophagy in controlling immune cell differentiation and homeostasis. The authors consider the diverse mechanisms through which autophagy functions to shape the immune system, highlighting its role in the dynamic regulation of metabolism.
Statins are lipid-lowering drugs that are traditionally associated with the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Here, the authors consider the potential of harnessing statins to treat infectious diseases.
This Opinion article summarizes current models of thinking about multi-locus antigenic diversity of pathogens. The authors describe five hypotheses to explain how host immunity selects for antigenic diversity at the level of the pathogen population.
CARD protein–BCL-10–MALT1 (CBM) signalosomes are key regulators of innate and adaptive immunity and inflammation. This Review summarizes the regulation and function of CBM signalling for host defence and tissue homeostasis and the pathophysiological consequences of genetic CBM alterations in human disease.
Here, the author provides an overview of the spatial organization of the different subsets of dendritic cells in lymph nodes and spleen and discusses how the temporal microanatomy of secondary lymphoid organs allows for tailored and effective T cell immunity.
This Review considers the unique anatomy of the cutaneous immune system. The authors explain how both protective and pathological immune responses are shaped in the skin, its associated appendages (such as hair follicles and sweat glands) and skin-associated lymphoid tissues.
Self-antigen recognition in the thymus can result in both clonal deletion of developing thymocytes and their diversion into the regulatory T cell lineage. How do thymocyte-intrinsic and thymocyte-extrinsic determinants influence this cell fate choice?
The authors review the latest research revealing conserved antiviral activity of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in fungi, plants, invertebrates and mammals.
This Review considers the key roles of the IL-6 cytokine family in regulating innate and adaptive immunity, as well as other physiological responses. The authors highlight the potential of targeting IL-6 family members to treat inflammatory diseases and cancer.
A-DAM good Review discussing the role of ADAM protein-mediated cleavage of a wide range of substrates in the development and regulation of the immune system, with a focus on ADAM10 and ADAM17.
Recent studies have characterized complex interactions between resident and infiltrating immune cells in the heart and cardiac cells, including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. This Review explores the role of immune cells in cardiac development and physiological function, as well as heart disease.
Eric Vivier and colleagues discuss the emerging roles for natural killer (NK) cells and other innate lymphoid cell populations in cancer immunity. The authors highlight the current immunotherapy trials that are targeting NK cells to treat patients with cancer.
This Review highlights the key roles of forkhead box transcription factors (FTFs) in regulating lymphocyte responses. The authors discuss how FTFs function as context-dependent rheostats, allowing lymphocytes to fine-tune their responses to diverse environmental challenges.
In this Review, Shi and Holtzman highlight our growing understanding of the innate immune mechanisms that contribute to Alzheimer disease with a specific focus on microglial cells, apolipoprotein E (APOE) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2).
Can macrophages derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) be used to effectively model in vivo tissue macrophages? Here, the authors consider the pros and cons of the different protocols for generating macrophages from iPSCs and suggest that a two-step model, based on ontogeny and tissue-specific microenvironment, enables the generation of biologically relevant macrophages.
This Review examines the functions of a specialized population of macrophages that make direct contact with or are found within one cell thickness of the abluminal surface of blood vessels in various tissues during both steady-state conditions and pathological processes.
IL-2 is well known for its crucial role in driving T cell responses. Now, with improved knowledge of its expression, signalling and regulation, the therapeutic potential of administering or inhibiting IL-2 is being explored to treat autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases and cancer.
CD4+ T cells provide help to CD8+ T cells via lymph node-resident dendritic cells. In this Review, the authors discuss the molecular nature of help signals and how they can be harnessed to improve cancer immunotherapy.
This Review explores the challenges and opportunities of taking CARs down new therapeutic roads, in terms of developing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) for treating infectious disease, autoimmunity and transplant rejection.
