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In breast cancer, an effective response to therapy with immune checkpoint blockade depends on T cell–eosinophil collaboration: CD4+ T cells produce IL-5 to mobilize eosinophils, which in turn help to activate antitumour CD8+ T cell responses.
The successful mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 contain polyethylene glycol (PEG) to stabilize the lipid nanoparticles. Recent data show that PEG-specific antibodies can be induced or boosted by mRNA vaccination. Further research is needed to study the potential links between PEG-specific antibodies, vaccine reactogenicity and enhanced clearance of other PEG-containing medicines.
Single-cell analysis of the regenerative velvet skin covering reindeer antlers during periods of growth shows that interactions between fibroblasts and immune cells determine wound healing outcomes.
The RNA polymerase III subunit TFIIIA transcribes 5S ribosomal RNA pseudogenes that activate RIG-I. Mutations affecting TFIIIA impair antiviral immune responses and are associated with herpes simplex encephalitis.
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are present in the meninges and help to maintain normal neural function by preserving meningeal barrier homeostasis and integrity.
A preprint by Ma et al. investigates the mechanism of antigen spreading induced by a vaccine-boosted CAR T cell approach, which has implications for the therapeutic challenges associated with tumour heterogeneity or tumour antigen loss.
Specialized macrophages that reside near the parenchyma of the central nervous system regulate the flow of cerebrospinal fluid and showed impaired activity in older animals and in the setting of neurodegenerative disease.
Laura Santambrogio and Pippa Marrack clarify how the mechanisms of autoreactivity in bona fide autoimmune diseases and in chronic inflammatory and metabolic conditions overlap and how are they distinguished.
Under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress, tumour cells release cholesterol-containing extracellular vesicles that promote the immunosuppressive functions of myeloid-derived suppressor cells.
Emerging data suggest a lymphoid origin of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which, in most cases, do not share the classical functional properties of myeloid dendritic cells. This Comment proposes that pDCs should be assigned to a subcategory of innate lymphocytes and should be referred to as interferon-producing cells.
