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Cancer cells consume and utilize glucose at a higher rate than normal cells. However, some microenvironments limit the availability of nutrients and glucose. In 2018, researchers found that tumours depend on a variety of different nutrient sources, both locally and systemically, to overcome metabolic limitations and promote tumour progression and metastasis.
Insulin resistance is a main determinant in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here, the authors review the physiological links between circadian clocks and insulin sensitivity and present current evidence for a relationship between circadian disruption and insulin resistance.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity are major public health challenges; emerging evidence suggests that melatonin is involved in the development of these disorders, opening new avenues for research. This Review discusses the effect of melatonin and its receptors on glucose homeostasis, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Loss or dysfunction of β-cells is a characteristic of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Regeneration of β-cells might stop or reverse the progression of the disease. This Review discusses the different modelling systems and technologies currently used to study β-cell biology in health and disease.
Cachexia is a multi-organ syndrome associated with cancer. In this Review, Josep M. Argilés and colleagues discuss the role of different tissues and organs in cancer cachexia and examine studies that investigate the development of novel therapeutics for the condition.
The association between obesity and increased risk of developing cancer is partly driven by disruption of metabolism and inflammation in the adipose tissue. This Review discusses changes in the adipose tissue microenvironment during body-weight gain and how these changes affect tumour initiation and growth.
In a longitudinal study that tracked BMI from early life, most children with obesity at age 3 years had overweight or obesity by adolescence. Of adolescents with obesity, ~50% were affected by overweight or obesity from age 5 years onwards, and the most rapid increase in BMI had occurred between 2 and 6 years of age.
Therapeutic treatments that target multiple signalling pathways in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) could be more effective at reversing the progression of these diseases than current therapies. In this Review, the authors discuss advances in combination pharmacotherapies that target multiple pathways for the treatment of obesity and T2DM.
This Review focuses on the evolutionary origins, structure and signalling pathways of the Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR), as well as the roles of the CaSR in calcitropic and noncalcitropic diseases.
