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Nonresolving inflammation underpins several prevalent diseases, including atherosclerosis and Alzheimer disease. The resolution of inflammation is an active process that tempers pro-inflammatory pathways and promotes tissue repair. Understanding the mechanisms that boost endogenous resolution is important for the design of new treatment strategies for nonresolving diseases.
Neuroimmune crosstalk has a potential role in the development and maintenance of arterial hypertension. Parati and colleagues discuss the interplay between the bone marrow, microglia and immune mediators, in particular through mechanisms involving cytokines and peptides, such as neuropeptide Y, substance P, angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1–7).
Various models of cardiac arrhythmia have been developed in several different animal species to study the mechanisms of disease. In this Review, Clauss and colleagues summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the models and species used in arrhythmia research and provide guidance to investigators planning experiments in this field.
Endothelin 1 is the most potent vasoconstrictor in the human cardiovascular system. In this Review, Dhaun and Webb discuss the biology of the endothelins and endothelin receptors and how these pathways can be therapeutically targeted in cardiovascular and renal diseases.
In this Review, Berg and colleagues discuss how to maximize the likelihood of successful resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The ‘chain of survival’ includes immediate recognition of cardiac arrest, early bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, rapid defibrillation, advanced emergency medical services and integrated post-cardiac arrest care.
Atherosclerosis is characterized by low-grade, chronic inflammation, and the balance between pro-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving mechanisms dictates the clinical outcomes. This Review discusses the specific causes of inflammation and the mechanisms underlying the impaired resolution of inflammation that characterize clinically dangerous atherosclerotic lesions and highlights the potential of pro-resolving mediator therapy for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Many cardiovascular functions and the onset of adverse cardiovascular events are influenced by the circadian rhythm that exists in all cell types. In this Review, the authors summarize the role of the molecular clock in cardiovascular physiology and disease and suggest how circadian rhythms can be exploited, such as in chronotherapy, or targeted therapeutically.
Postoperative atrial fibrillation complicates 20–40% of cardiac surgical procedures. In this Review, the authors summarize the epidemiological and clinical features of postoperative atrial fibrillation, the available pathophysiological evidence and the recommended prophylactic and therapeutic approaches.
This Review summarizes the preclinical data on the role of T cell co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting co-stimulation and inhibition molecules to treat CVD, as well as the evidence of an association between the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and cardiovascular toxicity.
In this Review, the authors summarize mechanoregulated pathways in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts that lead to altered gene expression and cell remodelling under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. They also discuss the use of systems modelling to discover new therapies to target mechanosignalling in heart disease.
In this Review, Boffa and Koschinsky discuss the role of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) as a risk factor for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease and calcific aortic valve disease, highlighting the important function of oxidized phospholipid modifications of Lp(a), which elicit harmful signalling processes in the arterial wall and the valve leaflet, in mediating the effects of this lipoprotein on both disorders.
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a family of 28 nonselective cationic channels that are heterogeneously expressed in different regions and cell types of the heart. In this Review, the authors summarize the various physiological and pathological cardiac processes in which TRP channels are involved.
Paravalvular leak (PVL) is a common complication after surgical prosthetic valve implantation. This Review details the role of cardiac imaging in the assessment and management of PVL, summarizes the clinical evidence for percutaneous closure of PVL and compares this procedure with surgical closure.
