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Despite substantial advances, bona fide regeneration of the damaged human heart is still an unmet ambition. By extracting our current knowledge from developmental biology, animal models of heart regeneration, and clinical observations, we propose five hallmarks of cardiac regeneration and suggest a holistic approach to reconstituting human heart function.
Life expectancy around the world has increased steadily for nearly 200 years. This Focus Issue of Nature Reviews Cardiology features five insightful Review articles that describe numerous facets of the latest research on cardiovascular ageing.