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This Review assesses emerging data that indicate a specific role for the RB tumour suppressor pathway in the response of the haematopoietic system to oxidative stress, and discusses the relevance of these findings to future cancer therapies.
High mammographic density (MD) is an established risk factor for breast cancer. In theory, the number of genes that regulate MD should be smaller than that influencing breast cancer risk. How informative have the initial studies of the genetics of MD proved to be?
Mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein pathway have been found in juvenile polyposis, an inherited polyposis syndrome that predisposes to colorectal cancer. What relevance do these findings have to sporadic cases of colorectal cancer?
Replication licensing proteins are inappropriately expressed and misregulated in a wide variety of cancers. What are the consequences for DNA replication and genomic stability?
Recent data support an important role for the large Maf proteins in cancer. This Review discusses the contribution of large Maf family members to oncogenesis.
Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for women in developing countries. This Perspective discusses how recent advances in optical technologies can improve the accuracy and availability of cervical cancer screening.
Aerobic glycolysis, or the 'Warburg effect', is a metabolic switch unique to tumour cells. But how might this change in tumour cell metabolism confer a growth advantage?
The evaluation of dietary factors for cancer prevention through observational epidemiology and experimentation by randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has given inconsistent and sometimes opposing conclusions. Which study design is most appropriate?
Although RB was first identified as a tumour suppressor over 20 years ago, the implications of RB loss for tumour biology remain enigmatic. This Perspective discusses how context-specific consequences of RB inactivation might influence the response of a tumour to a range of therapeutic agents.
In both preclinical and clinical settings, the benefits of angiogenesis inhibitors targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor signalling pathways are at best transitory and followed by restoration of tumour growth and progression. Emerging data support a proposition that two modes of unconventional resistance underlie such results.
Data from human and mouse tumours indicate that loss of the tumour suppressor gene retinoblastoma (RB) contributes to both cancer initiation and progression. However, there is much we still need to learn about RB function and the consequences of its loss.
The recent determination of the structure of the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase PI3Kα has identified important structural differences between the class 1 PI3Ks. How can this information be used to improve cancer therapy?
M. Judah Folkman is regarded by many as the father of research into the therapeutic targeting of angiogenesis. For cancer research, what were his most notable achievements?
Bone marrow-derived myeloid cells, such as macrophages and mast cells, have an important role in regulating the formation and maintenance of blood vessels in tumours. How do these cells contribute to this process?
The therapeutic benefit associated with VEGF-targeted therapy is complex, and probably involves multiple mechanisms, several of which are covered in this Review. Understanding these mechanisms more fully should lead to future advances in the use of these agents in the clinic.
The transcription factor MYB seems to have key roles as a regulator of epithelial stem and progenitor cells. Therefore,MYBis an oncogene that is involved in some human leukaemias, and could also be involved in epithelial cancers such as colorectal cancer and breast cancer.
Cellular senescence is associated with ageing and cancerin vivoand has a proven tumour suppressive function. This Review discusses the evidence indicating that DNA damage and the engagement of the DNA-damage response pathways are common to both ageing and cancer.
The semaphorins and their receptors, the neuropilins and the plexins, originally characterized as proteins involved in the guidance of axons, can either promote or inhibit tumour progression. This Review documents their effects on tumour angiogenesis, as well as on metastasis and cell survival.
Gene fusions have long been known to have an important role in leukaemias, but they have recently been identified in a majority of prostate cancers. Understanding their role in this disease could lead to better targeted therapies.
