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CD1a-autoreactive T cells are common in human skin, but their natural antigens have remained unknown. De Jong and colleagues show that apolar oils that naturally accumulate in epidermis and sebum nest within CD1a and are activatory.
Dendritic cell (DC) subsets show functional specialization. Singh and colleagues demonstrate that the transcription factor IRF4 enhances antigen presentation by MHC class II in CD11b+ DCs to promote the priming of CD4+ effector T cells.
IL-17 production by neutrophils has been reported in human psoriasis. Pearlman and colleagues identify a population of neutrophils that constitutively express the transcription factor RORγt and can produce and respond to IL-17A.
Innate-like T cells are dependent on triggering via the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) for development but subsequently actively alter their TCR responsiveness to allow an innate mode of activation that no longer requires TCR signaling.
To overcome the limitations of seasonal influenza virus vaccines and enhance our pandemic preparedness, influenza virus vaccines that provide universal and long-lasting protection are needed.
Studies have linked polymorphisms near the gene encoding interferon-λ3 (IFNL3) to clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV). One such favorable polymorphism operates by stabilizing IFNL3 mRNA via a decrease in AU-rich element–mediated decay as well as the binding of HCV-induced host microRNAs.