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The structure of the enzyme E1 bound to its four substrates is described, showing how a thioester switch toggles E1-E2 affinities. Transferring the Ubl's thioester linkage between successive conjugation enzymes induces striking conformational changes and alters interaction networks to drive consecutive steps in Ubl cascades.
A new approach to determine nitrogen fixation rates in the world's oceans is used; it involves interpreting nutrient distributions in the context of an ocean circulation model.
A coupled chemical–physical model of conduit flow shows that the oxidation state of an ascending magma is strongly dependent on both the composition and amount of gas in the reservoir.
Bacterial proteorhodopsins are light-dependent proton pumps broadly distributed in the ocean environment. Their physiological role has now been elucidated in Flavobacteria, where the harvested light energy can translate into enhanced growth.
This study provides a replicated, quantitative demonstration of the consequences of human-mediated habitat modification for networks of feeding interactions among species in tropical host–parasitoid food webs.
Inelastic magnetic neutron scattering measurements point to the distinct possibility that genuine long-range antiferromagnetism and superconductivity do not coexist.
Ordinary baryonic particles account for only one-sixth of the total matter in the Universe, the rest being the mysterious 'dark matter'. This paper presents high-fidelity maps of the large-scale distribution of dark matter, resolved in both angle and depth. The results are consistent with predictions of gravitationally induced structure formation.
In the traditional picture of supernova rotation periods, the 300-ms order of rotation is the result of conservation of angular momentum, implying that it is directly correlated with the rotation of the progenitor star. But simulations revealing the presence of an instability in supernovae that is able to generate a final spin period consistent with observations, even beginning with spherically symmetrical initial conditions, implies that this is not the case.
One-way quantum computation is based on 'cluster states' (that is, highly entangled multiparticle states). This paper experimentally implements active feed-forward technique in such a system, a crucial element in the approach to correct for random quantum measurement errors.