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Parathyroid glands regulate calcium homeostasis by secreting parathyroid hormone. Chang et al. demonstrate that in parathyroid glands GABA receptor GABAB1R makes a heterocomplex with the calcium-sensing receptor and regulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone.
Maintenance of NADPH levels during environmental stress can prolong cell survival. Ding et al. identify MESH1 as a cytosolic NADPH phosphatase that is required for the metabolic commitment to ferroptosis in cancer cell lines.
β-cell dedifferentiation has emerged as a contributing mechanism in type 1 and type 2 diabetes development. Here Sachs et al. show that a pharmacological treatment that combines insulin and a GLP-1–oestrogen conjugate reverses dedifferentiation, and improves β-cell function and hyperglycaemia in diabetic mice.
Proliferation of cardiomyocytes typically ceases shortly after birth. Here the authors show that decreasing fatty-acid oxidation extends the perinatal cardiomyocyte proliferative window and can reintroduce cell-cycle activity in adult cardiomyocytes.
Zuend and colleagues show that an arousal-induced increase in cortical activity is accompanied by a surge in lactate in the extracellular space and a substantial lactate dip in astrocytes, followed by mobilization of lactate from glycogen stores and neuronal lactate increase.
Low numbers of circulating CD3+CD56+ regulatory T cells are associated with reduced beta-cell function and diabetic ketoacidosis in three separate cohorts of children with type 1 diabetes.
Hartl et al. demonstrate how metabolism and the cell cycle are coupled in prokaryotic cells by analysing the metabolome during the cell cycle in Caulobacter crescentus. Whereas the levels of most metabolites are independent of the cell cycle, glutathione fluctuates and is required for coordinated cell cycle progression.
Zhang et al. show that high-protein diets increase atherosclerosis risk through macrophage mTORC1 activation associated with suppressed clearance of damaged mitochondria and increased apoptosis.
The ketogenic diet is a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet that forces a metabolic switch towards fatty acid oxidation. Here, Goldberg et al. show that a ketogenic diet initially improves metabolic health and expands adipose tissue γδ T cells that are important for glycaemic control during obesity.
Extracellular-matrix remodelling promotes tumour progression and metastasis. Papalazarou et al. demonstrate that mechanosensing affects pancreatic cancer cell migration, metabolism and ultimately metastatic potential by targeting the creatine–phosphagen ATP-recycling system.
This study establishes reciprocal regulation between the two key nutrient sensors in cells, mTORC1 and AMPK, showing that mTORC1 directly inhibits AMPK by phosphorylation at S345 in the AMPK catalytic subunit α2.
Somatostatin is secreted by delta cells and inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion. Here Vergari et al. demonstrate a mechanism for somatostatin secretion that is dependent on decreased extracellular potassium and increased intracellular sodium levels, and is altered in islets from patients with diabetes.
Converting serine to pyruvate and ammonia, serine racemase is shown to support colon-cancer growth, thus highlighting a new strategy that cancer cells use to maintain cellular pyruvate levels and mitochondrial mass.