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Ohannesian, Mallick et al. demonstrate label-free counting and detection of microRNA cargoes for single small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), revealing elevated sEV counts and distinct molecular contents in samples from patients with cancer. Using a simple threshold of sEV count in a blind test, classification of cancer vs. healthy samples is achieved with high sensitivity and specificity.
Yaghmaei et al. utilize doubly robust causal inference estimators and a large medical data set to evaluate the impact of combining Donepezil and Memantine on five-year survival since initial diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease patients. A significant benefit to survival is seen when the drugs are combined.
Guimbaud et al. use machine learning in a dataset of 1600 European mother-child pairs to link early-life environmental exposures with children’s health. Through the computation of environmental-clinical risk scores, they unveil complex interactions and nonlinear patterns among these factors, underscoring their intricate role in children’s health.
Bryant et al. report findings of a dosimetric analysis of adapted versus non-adapted radiation therapy plans of ultracentral lung lesions treated with ablative stereotactic MRI-guided adaptive radiation therapy. The differences demonstrated help to elucidate the therapeutic window improvements of daily plan adaptation.
Soremekun et al. report the impact of extending seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) to children aged 0–9 years on malaria transmission in the context of a national routine programme. This SMC extension to older children reduces the risk of clinical malaria and asymptomatic infection among adolescents and adults within the same household.
Chen et al. report findings from a phase 1 dose expansion study of the tumor microenvironment modulator VT1021 in patients with solid tumors. VT1021 is found to be safe and tolerable, with preliminary evidence of efficacy and biomarkers of response.
Guo, Zeng, Lu et al. assess SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 transmission and protection from inactivated vaccines among children and adolescents prior to the end of Zero-COVID measures in Urumqi, China. Two vaccine doses provide improved protection against Omicron infection and reduced transmission versus a single dose when given within the same year.
Sekine et al. traced the origins ofPlasmodium vivax resurgence after achieving malaria elimination on Aneityum Island, Vanuatu. Analyzing five nuclear microsatellite markers, samples from the resurgence and nearby Tanna Island exhibit identical or closely related haplotypes, suggesting that imported infection contributes to the reintroduction.
Tam et al. compare molecular features between adolescents and young adult (AYA) and older adult (OA) patients with soft tissue tumours and identify that components of the spliceosome complex are independent prognostic factors for metastasis free survival in AYA patients.
Van der Zalm et al. apply Ridge regression analysis to RNA-seq data from esophageal cancer samples to predict mesenchymal transitions occurring in patients. Expression of NANOG in pre-treatment biopsies is associated with poor response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation, recurrence, and median overall survival in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Yan, Liang, Zhang et al. propose a domain knowledge-based interpretable deep learning system to improve breast cancer risk prediction from multimodal ultrasound images. Its inherent interpretability enables effective human-machine collaboration and thus may aid clinical decision-making.
Zhang et al. demonstrate that plasma sampling for a VHL-PROTAC does not represent the tissue concentrations necessary for efficacy; the tissue uptake/retention can be used to guide their therapeutic potential in target organs.
Wever et al. explore the use of different types of patient-friendly material, including urine, for the detection of ovarian cancer by methylation and copy number analysis. Upon continued development, DNA-based testing in cervical scrapes and urine could aid ovarian cancer diagnosis.
James et al. compare mitochondrial function in fibroblast cell lines from disease carriers of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and control individuals. They report altered mitochondrial activity in SMA carriers, suggesting that carriers have a subclinical mitochondrial phenotype.
Huo, Ong et al. present a comprehensive workflow to try to overcome key limitations in prior approaches for artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted prostate cancer Gleason grading. Their approach incorporates automated quality control, efficient annotation and visualization, and pathologist-AI interaction.
Stanley et al. use data from an online questionnaire to investigate the impact of COVID-19 symptoms on peoples’ everyday lives. Many consider their symptoms, which affect their physical and mental health and social lives, so severe as to constitute a disability, and report having unmet medical, psychological, or socio-professional support needs.
Varrelman et al. use participatory surveillance data to develop a method to identify changes in vaccine effectiveness and disease symptomatology. Using data from the COVID-19 pandemic, they identify a reduction in vaccine effectiveness during Omicron dominated waves of infections, and a shift towards upper respiratory type symptoms.
Wong et al. conduct a pilot randomized controlled trial on the effects of twelve weeks of exercise on the serum metabolome in older adults. The authors identify changes in metabolites related to mitochondrial fuel oxidation and amino acid pathways and relate these to imaging markers of cardiac aging in post-hoc analyses.
Knapen et al. apply consensus-independent transcriptional component analysis to dissect transcriptomes into statistically independent transcriptional components in early colorectal cancer. Their findings identify 43 biological processes associated with disease-free survival which enables stratification of patients into different subgroups.
Shi et al. describe a phenotypic, culture-free platform that completes the diagnosis of bloodstream infections about 15 hours faster than standard diagnostic technologies. Results from clinical blood samples that demonstrate near real-time diagnostic information suitable for clinicians is provided.