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Empathy refers to our ability to understand a person from their frame of reference rather than one’s own, or vicariously experience that person’s feelings and thoughts. Developing empathy is critical for building relationships and promoting prosocial behavior. Research on the cognitive, social, and neural mechanisms of how humans empathize with others, and on the factors that drive individual differences in empathic skills, or lack thereof, has been at the forefront of psychology, psychiatry, and neuroscience. This Collection welcomes original work from all these areas reporting basic, behavioral, and clinical research on empathy.