SCIENTIFIC NAME Lagothrix spp.
TAXONOMY PHYLUM: Chordata CLASS: Mammalia ORDER: Primates FAMILY: Atelinae
Physical description
Woolly monkeys are large-bodied, muscular primates that inhabit the tropical forests of northwest South America. They weigh around 6–10 kg, with males weighing around 2 kg more than females1. The woolly monkey gets its name from its dense, soft fur which ranges in color from brown to black to grey, depending on the species. The palms of their hands are pink in color, and their bellies are black. They have round-shaped heads, prehensile tails, strong shoulders and arms about as long as their legs. The tail has a pad near its end on the distal side for grip and is as long as, or longer than, the head and body combined. Its arms and tail are used together for movement in the trees, where they typically reside. On the ground, they are bipedal, walking on their legs while using their arms and tails for balance.
Taxonomy
Woolly monkeys were previously described as a single species, Lagothrix lagotricha, split into four subspecies: L. l. lagotricha, L. l. cana, L. l. poeppigii and L. l. lugens. However, these have more recently been given full species status, a classification that has become widely used. Additionally, the yellow-tailed woolly monkey, (Oreonax flavicauda), is considered by some to be a fifth species of Lagothrix (L. flavicauda)1.
Research résumé
Woolly monkeys have proven important for the study of hepatitis B virus (HBV), which infects approximately one-third of the world's human population. Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus (WMHBV), originally isolated from a hepatitis-infected woolly monkey at a zoo2, is the only hepadnavirus of a nonhuman primate with an established infectious clone. It shares 78% sequence identity and the same genetic organization with human HBV.
Both the woolly monkey and a closely related New World monkey, the spider monkey, are susceptible to WMHBV infection, and chimpanzees are minimally susceptible3. The use of these other two species in HBV research has been necessary because the woolly monkey is endangered and thus not available for experimental purposes2. Owing to their large size, woolly monkeys are the most frequently hunted primate in the Amazon region1. Furthermore, the rate of reproduction for woolly monkeys is considerably lower than that of other frequently hunted mammals in the Amazon region, making them more vulnerable to overhunting1. Two Lagothrix species are now categorized as vulnerable, one is categorized as endangered and one is categorized as critically endangered. Contributing to their endangered status is the limited success of managing woolly monkeys in captivity. Captive woolly monkeys commonly succumb to hypertension, pregnancy-related complications4 and Toxoplasma gondii infection5. Studies continue to be done with woolly monkeys in their natural habitats, however. Recent examples include studies of ranging behavior and foraging ecology6, the role of woolly monkeys as vectors of nutrient cycling via seed dispersal7 and socioecological studies8.
References
Bowler, M., Anderson, M., Montes, D., Pérez, P. & Mayor, P. Refining reproductive parameters for modelling sustainability and extinction in hunted primate populations in the Amazon. PLoS ONE 9, e93625 (2014).
Lanford, R.E., Chavez, D., Brasky, K.M., Burns, R.B. 3rd & Rico-Hesse, R. Isolation of a hepadnavirus from the woolly monkey, a New World primate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 5757–5761 (1998).
Petersen, J. et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in vivo by entry inhibitors derived from the large envelope protein. Nat. Biotechnol. 26, 335–341 (2008).
Ange-van Heugten, K., Verstegen, M., Ferket, P.R., Stoskopf, M. & van Heugten, E. Serum chemistry concentrations of captive woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha). Zoo Biol. 27, 188–199 (2008).
Gyimesi, Z.S., Lappin, M.R. & Dubey, J.P. Application of assays for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in a colony of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha). J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 37, 276–280 (2006).
Di Fiore, A. & Suarez, S.A. Route-based travel and shared routes in sympatric spider and woolly monkeys: cognitive and evolutionary implications. Anim. Cogn. 10, 317–329 (2007).
Stevenson, P.R. Pulp-seed attachment is a dominant variable explaining legitimate seed dispersal: a case study on woolly monkeys. Oecologia 166, 693–701 (2011).
Shanee, S. Yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda) proximal spacing and forest strata use in La Esperanza, Peru. Primates 10.1007/s10329-014-0430-6 (published online 7 June 2014).
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Rosania, K. Endangered monkeys contribute to science. Lab Anim 43, 389 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/laban.653
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/laban.653