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Open Access
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| Open AccessTraining an Ising machine with equilibrium propagation
Ising machines have been usually applied to predefined combinatorial problems due to their distinct physical properties. The authors introduce an approach that utilizes equilibrium propagation for the training of Ising machines and achieves high accuracy performance on classification tasks.
- Jérémie Laydevant
- , Danijela Marković
- & Julie Grollier
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Perspective
| Open AccessEngineering is evolution: a perspective on design processes to engineer biology
Evolutionary and rational design approaches are commonly used to engineer biological systems but are typically seen at odds with each other. In this perspective the authors argue for the concept of an evolutionary design spectrum to help unify and compare these design methodologies to support more effective biological engineering.
- Simeon D. Castle
- , Michiel Stock
- & Thomas E. Gorochowski
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Article
| Open AccessSnail-inspired robotic swarms: a hybrid connector drives collective adaptation in unstructured outdoor environments
The authors introduce a 3D terrestrial robotic swarm equipped with a snail-inspired two-mode connection system for self-reconfigurability and mobility in unstructured environments.
- Da Zhao
- , Haobo Luo
- & Tin Lun Lam
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Article
| Open AccessSkin graft with dermis and appendages generated in vivo by cell competition
Skin substitutes generated by tissue engineering have limited properties. Here, authors established niche encroachment method. Cell competition enabled skin organogenesis from allogeneic and xenogeneic stem cells on p63 knockout embryos, resulting in a complete skin graft on dermis with hair.
- Hisato Nagano
- , Naoaki Mizuno
- & Hiromitsu Nakauchi
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Article
| Open AccessFrequency-encoded eye tracking smart contact lens for human–machine interaction
Eye tracking techniques enable high-efficient, natural, and effortless human-machine interaction. Here, Zhu et al. proposed a contact lens to track eye movement for wireless eye-machine interaction
- Hengtian Zhu
- , Huan Yang
- & Fei Xu
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Article
| Open AccessFrequency tunable magnetostatic wave filters with zero static power magnetic biasing circuitry
Magnetostatic wave filters have a wide working frequency range, small size and high Q-factor, however, they are hampered by the need for a large external electromagnet to provide a bias magnetic field. Here, Du et al demonstrate an extremely small and low power external magnetic bias assembly with zero static power consumption, removing the need for bulky and energy intensive electromagnets.
- Xingyu Du
- , Mohamad Hossein Idjadi
- & Roy H. Olsson III
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Review Article
| Open AccessUntethered soft actuators for soft standalone robotics
Untethered soft robots offer numerous advantages in terms of mobility, versatility, and autonomy, making them increasingly valuable for a wide range of applications. Jung et al. review the new types of untethered soft actuators that represent breakthroughs and discuss the future perspective of soft actuators.
- Yeongju Jung
- , Kangkyu Kwon
- & Seung Hwan Ko
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Article
| Open AccessWindSeer: real-time volumetric wind prediction over complex terrain aboard a small uncrewed aerial vehicle
Wind has a large impact on the safety and efficiency of small uncrewed aerial vehicles. Here, the authors present a neural network-based method for estimating the wind at meter-scale resolution around complex terrain solely based on terrain knowledge and local onboard wind observations.
- Florian Achermann
- , Thomas Stastny
- & Nicholas Lawrance
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Article
| Open AccessHousehold alternating current electricity plug-and-play quantum-dot light-emitting diodes
Conventional lighting requires an AC-DC converter for LEDs. Here, the authors report a tandem structure by connecting two QLEDs with opposite polarity in parallel, enabling AC driven operation. A household AC electricity plug-and-play QLEDs panel with tuneable colour and brightness is achieved.
- Jiming Wang
- , Cuixia Yuan
- & Shuming Chen
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Article
| Open AccessMulti-level, forming and filament free, bulk switching trilayer RRAM for neuromorphic computing at the edge
Filamentary RRAM technologies suffer from variations and noise, leading to computational accuracy loss, and increased energy consumption. Park et al. created a trilayer metal-oxide bulk switching RRAM technology without filament formation and showed edge computing for an autonomous navigation task.
- Jaeseoung Park
- , Ashwani Kumar
- & Duygu Kuzum
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Article
| Open AccessNanosecond anomaly detection with decision trees and real-time application to exotic Higgs decays
Real-time inference of collisions using unsupervised AI for discovery is of interest in particle physics. Here, authors present the training and efficient implementation of a decision tree-based autoencoder used as an anomaly detector that executes at 30 ns on FPGA for use in edge computing.
- S. T. Roche
- , Q. Bayer
- & T. M. Hong
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Article
| Open AccessEnergy-efficient superparamagnetic Ising machine and its application to traveling salesman problems
Ising machines are promising for solving NP-hard problems, but current implementations have power consumption and scalability challenges. Si et al. implement an Ising machine consisting of 80 superparamagnetic tunnel junctions with all-to-all connections and apply it to a large-scale travelling salesman problem.
- Jia Si
- , Shuhan Yang
- & Hyunsoo Yang
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Article
| Open AccessDenRAM: neuromorphic dendritic architecture with RRAM for efficient temporal processing with delays
The authors present DenRAM, a hardware realization of spiking neural network with dendritic architecture. It utilizes memristive devices to implement both delay and weight parameters, enhancing low-power signal processing with reduced memory use.
- Simone D’Agostino
- , Filippo Moro
- & Melika Payvand
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Article
| Open AccessTransparent integrated pyroelectric-photovoltaic structure for photo-thermo hybrid power generation
The full potential of photoelectric devices can possibly be maximized through pyroelectricity for power generation beyond thermodynamic limit. Here, authors report photovoltaic heterostructure device with pyroelectric absorber, achieving 2.5 times more output power due to long-range electric field.
- Malkeshkumar Patel
- , Hyeong-Ho Park
- & Joondong Kim
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Article
| Open AccessDynamic acoustic optimization of pulse tube refrigerators for rapid cooldown
Pulse tube refrigerators are a critical enabling technology for many disciplines that require low temperatures, including quantum computing. Here, the authors show that dynamically optimizing the acoustic parameters of the refrigerator can improve conventional cooldown speeds up to 3.5 times.
- Ryan Snodgrass
- , Vincent Kotsubo
- & Joel Ullom
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Article
| Open AccessExosome-coated oxygen nanobubble-laden hydrogel augments intracellular delivery of exosomes for enhanced wound healing
Challenges including hypoxia, inflammation, and inadequate exosome intracellular delivery hinder wound healing. Here, the authors show that a multifunctional exosome-coated oxygen nanobubble-laden hydrogel enhances exosome delivery and mitigates hypoxia for enhanced wound healing.
- Xiaoxue Han
- , Chaimongkol Saengow
- & Joseph Irudayaraj
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Article
| Open AccessAn ultra energy-efficient hardware platform for neuromorphic computing enabled by 2D-TMD tunnel-FETs
The most successful commercial implementations of neuromorphic computing circuits are limited to digital-CMOS-circuit based approaches to date. Along this line, Pal et al. improve the energy efficiency by two orders of magnitude using two-dimensional layered material-based tunnel-field-effect transistors.
- Arnab Pal
- , Zichun Chai
- & Kaustav Banerjee
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Article
| Open AccessA liquid metal-based module emulating the intelligent preying logic of flytrap
The intelligent responses of Venus flytrap to various stimuli provide valuable insights into electronic design. Here, the authors report a liquid metal-based logic module with memory and counting properties to intelligently respond like the flytrap.
- Yuanyuan Yang
- & Yajing Shen
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Article
| Open AccessMembrane to cortex attachment determines different mechanical phenotypes in LGR5+ and LGR5- colorectal cancer cells
The mechanical properties of heterogeneous cell populations in colorectal tumors and the relevance to cancer metastasis remain not fully understood. Here, the authors suggest that the variations in malignant phenotypes between LGR5-positive cancer stem cells and LGR5-negative cells could be due to their distinct mechanical phenotypes observed in vitro, determined by the membrane to cortex attachment proteins Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin.
- Sefora Conti
- , Valeria Venturini
- & Xavier Trepat
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Article
| Open AccessA CMOS-compatible oscillation-based VO2 Ising machine solver
Oscillating neural networks promise ultralow power consumption and rapid computation for tackling complex optimization problems. Here, the authors demonstrate VO2 oscillators to solve NP-complete problems with projected power consumption of 13 µW/oscillator.
- Olivier Maher
- , Manuel Jiménez
- & Siegfried Karg
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Article
| Open AccessImpact of PEG sensitization on the efficacy of PEG hydrogel-mediated tissue engineering
Concerns over the immunogenicity of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are growing, and the implications for tissue engineering are unknown. Here the authors evaluate the impact of anti-PEG antibodies and PEG immunogenicity on the efficacy of a PEG hydrogel-based tissue engineering therapy.
- Alisa H. Isaac
- , Sarea Y. Recalde Phillips
- & Daniel L. Alge
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Article
| Open AccessEngineering a synthetic gene circuit for high-performance inducible expression in mammalian systems
Inducible gene expression systems can be used to control the expression of a gene of interest by means of small molecules. Here the authors present CASwitch, a synthetic gene circuit platform enhancing inducible gene expression systems by reducing leakiness and boosting fold induction, for real world applications like gene therapy vector production and biosensors.
- Giuliano De Carluccio
- , Virginia Fusco
- & Diego di Bernardo
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Article
| Open AccessNanoparticles as an antidote for poisoned gold single-atom catalysts in sustainable propylene epoxidation
The poisoning of single-atom catalysts hampers their performance. Here, the authors propose Au nanoparticles as an antidote for poisoned Au single-atom catalysts, with trace addition shown to reinforce and sustain propylene epoxidation.
- Qianhong Wang
- , Keng Sang
- & Xuezhi Duan
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Article
| Open AccessDirect conversion of methane to aromatics and hydrogen via a heterogeneous trimetallic synergistic catalyst
Converting methane to hydrogen and aromatics is a route to upgrading natural gas into high value products. Here the authors report a high-performing synergistic trimetallic thermochemical catalyst, along with mechanistic insights into the process.
- Pengxi Zhu
- , Wenjuan Bian
- & Hanping Ding
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Article
| Open AccessProgrammable photoacoustic patterning of microparticles in air
Here the authors integrate optical and acoustic manipulation techniques to generate localized Lamb fields that emulate arbitrary laser patterns and demonstrate programmable nanoparticle patterning over a centimeter-scale area.
- Ruoqin Zhang
- , Xichuan Zhao
- & Feng Li
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Article
| Open AccessElectrocatalytic hydrogenation of acetonitrile to ethylamine in acid
Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers hold promise for ethylamine synthesis from acetonitrile, yet local acidity fosters proton reduction. Here, authors systematically screen metal catalysts, verifying their effectiveness in such electrolyzers.
- Chongyang Tang
- , Cong Wei
- & Xiangfeng Duan
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Article
| Open AccessTunable stochastic memristors for energy-efficient encryption and computing
Integrating security, computing and memory capabilities in ion-migration-driven memristors is challenging. Here, Woo et al. experimentally demonstrates a single system that performs cryptographic key generation, universal Boolean logic operations, and encryption/decryption.
- Kyung Seok Woo
- , Janguk Han
- & Cheol Seong Hwang
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Article
| Open AccessPrecision ion separation via self-assembled channels
Selective nanofiltration membranes with accurate molecular sieving offer a solution to recover rare metals and other valuable elements from brines but this demands the development of membranes with precise sub-nanometer pores surpassing those available today. Here, the authors report a scalable approach for membrane fabrication in which functionalized macrocycles are seamlessly oriented via supramolecular interactions during the interfacial polycondensation on a polyacrylonitrile support layer.
- Shanshan Hong
- , Maria Di Vincenzo
- & Suzana P. Nunes
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Article
| Open AccessPhotonic-electronic integrated circuit-based coherent LiDAR engine
The researchers showcase a photonic-electronic FMCW LiDAR source composed of a micro-electronic based high-voltage arbitrary waveform generator, a photonic circuit-based tunable Vernier laser with piezoelectric actuators, and an erbium-doped waveguide amplifier.
- Anton Lukashchuk
- , Halil Kerim Yildirim
- & Tobias J. Kippenberg
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Article
| Open AccessPowder-size driven facile microstructure control in powder-fusion metal additive manufacturing processes
Achieving facile grain microstructure control in metal additive manufacturing is essential for its advancement. Here, the authors present a powder-size driven melt pool engineering approach to control the grain morphology demonstrated by laser directed energy deposition and electron beam powder-bed fusion processes.
- Shubham Chandra
- , Chengcheng Wang
- & Xipeng Tan
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Article
| Open AccessZero modes activation to reconcile floppiness, rigidity, and multistability into an all-in-one class of reprogrammable metamaterials
Floppiness, rigidity, and multi-stability often represent inherently contradictory macroscopic properties in solids. Here, authors introduce an all-in-one metamaterial that capitalizes on local state transitions to harmonize these divergent properties within a single transformable architecture.
- Lei Wu
- & Damiano Pasini
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Article
| Open AccessFlexible calorimetric flow sensor with unprecedented sensitivity and directional resolution for multiple flight parameter detection
Accurate perception of flight parameters is critical for flight control of micro air vehicles. Here, authors present a flexible calorimetric flow sensor with vanadium oxide thermistor arrays for flight parameters estimation, such as angle of attack and sideslip, flight velocity, and wing vibration.
- Zheng Gong
- , Weicheng Di
- & Huawei Chen
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Article
| Open AccessReverse water gas-shift reaction product driven dynamic activation of molybdenum nitride catalyst surface
Catalyst activation commonly occurs during reactions. This study demonstrates that the surface’s active structure in nitride catalysts during the reverse water gas-shift reaction varies with the partial pressure of reaction products, resulting in enhanced catalytic activity through positive feedback between catalytic activity and the evolution of MoNx’s active structure.
- Hui Xin
- , Rongtan Li
- & Xinhe Bao
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Article
| Open AccessLow-nuclearity CuZn ensembles on ZnZrOx catalyze methanol synthesis from CO2
The ideal metal selection and atomic-level arrangement for catalysts in CO2 hydrogenation are still uncertain. Here, copper is identified as the most effective promoter for enhancing ZnZrOx catalysts when precisely structured into CuZn ensembles, offering new insights for designing superior catalysts for CO2-based methanol synthesis.
- Thaylan Pinheiro Araújo
- , Georgios Giannakakis
- & Javier Pérez-Ramírez
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Article
| Open AccessTransparent ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene/MXene films with efficient UV-absorption for thermal management
While MXene-based composites have been reported as promising materials for photothermal conversion, their opaque appearance limits applications. Here, authors demonstrate visible-light transparent and UV-absorbing composite films by vacuum pressing solution blends of MXene with polyethylene.
- Xianhu Liu
- , Wenrui Zhang
- & Changyu Shen
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Article
| Open AccessTetris-inspired detector with neural network for radiation mapping
Detection of radiation is important for environmental health and safety. Here the authors demonstrate a method for radiation detection and mapping in 2D using minimum number of detectors and inter-pixel padding to increase the contrast between pixels.
- Ryotaro Okabe
- , Shangjie Xue
- & Mingda Li
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Article
| Open AccessViability leads to the emergence of gait transitions in learning agile quadrupedal locomotion on challenging terrains
A bio-inspired control architecture for learning agile quadruped locomotion on challenging terrain suggests Viability (i.e., avoiding falls) as the main criterion for quadrupedal gait transitions and energy efficiency is the secondary objective.
- Milad Shafiee
- , Guillaume Bellegarda
- & Auke Ijspeert
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Article
| Open AccessUltrafast piezocapacitive soft pressure sensors with over 10 kHz bandwidth via bonded microstructured interfaces
Piezocapacitive pressure sensors are typically limited by the slow response-relaxation speed for detecting dynamic stimuli. Here, Zhang et al. utilize the electrode-dielectric interface and bonded micro-structured interface for energy dissipation and reduce the response and relaxation time to 0.04 ms.
- Yuan Zhang
- , Xiaomeng Zhou
- & Chuan Fei Guo
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Article
| Open AccessWide field-of-hearing metalens for aberration-free sound capture
Achieving a wide angular response in single layer acoustic metalenses is challenging. By leveraging perfect acoustic symmetry conversion, the authors realize an aberration free metalens with a wide field-of-hearing, up to 140 degrees.
- Dongwoo Lee
- , Beomseok Oh
- & Junsuk Rho
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Article
| Open AccessUpgrading CO2 to sustainable aromatics via perovskite-mediated tandem catalysis
The transformation of CO2 with renewable hydrogen into high-value products presents a sustainable route for net-zero chemical manufacture. Here the authors introduce a LaFeO3 perovskite-mediated tandem conversion of CO2, achieving remarkable performance by separating the CO2 hydrogenation and C-C coupling domains in the catalyst system.
- Guo Tian
- , Zhengwen Li
- & Fei Wei
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Article
| Open AccessThermodiffusive desalination
Current desalination technologies are energy intensive and suffer from membrane degradation and fouling. Here, authors propose and explore the potential of thermodiffusion as a means of membrane-free, single-phase thermal desalination. A pathway towards a feasible thermodiffusive desalination is provided.
- Shuqi Xu
- , Alice J. Hutchinson
- & Juan F. Torres
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Article
| Open AccessUltrastiff metamaterials generated through a multilayer strategy and topology optimization
High-performance mechanical metamaterials have been designed through a multilayer strategy and topology optimization, showing capability in approaching the theoretical stiffness limit, as well as prospects in treating multiphysics problems
- Yang Liu
- , Yongzhen Wang
- & Jianbin Du
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Article
| Open AccessBioelectric stimulation controls tissue shape and size
Electrical stimulation of hollow, 3D kidney tissues causes these tissues to inflate and change shape. The authors call this process electro-inflation and connect it to electricity driving ions into the center of the tissues, causing water to follow by osmosis.
- Gawoon Shim
- , Isaac B. Breinyn
- & Daniel J. Cohen
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Article
| Open AccessDeepDOF-SE: affordable deep-learning microscopy platform for slide-free histology
Histopathology can be limited by the time-consuming and labour-intensive preparation of slides from resected tissue. Here, the authors report DeepDOF-SE, a deep-learning-enabled microscope to rapidly scan intact tissue at cellular resolution without the need for physical sectioning.
- Lingbo Jin
- , Yubo Tang
- & Ashok Veeraraghavan
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Article
| Open AccessContext-aware deep learning enables high-efficacy localization of high concentration microbubbles for super-resolution ultrasound localization microscopy
Ultrasound localisation microscopy enables deep tissue microvascular imaging. Here, authors introduce LOCA-ULM, a deep learning pipeline enhancing localisation accuracy in high microbubble concentrations. LOCA-ULM reveals dense cerebrovascular networks and enhances the sensitivity of functional ULM.
- YiRang Shin
- , Matthew R. Lowerison
- & Pengfei Song
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Article
| Open AccessIntegrated mechanical computing for autonomous soft machines
Many mechanical computation platforms developed till date lack a rational design strategy and have limited computational functions, such as stand-alone single logic gates, or deformation/transition behaviors. Byun at al. have reported a systematic design principle for integrated mechanical computing that enables the electronics-free design of autonomous and intelligent soft machines, which are seamlessly integrated.
- Junghwan Byun
- , Aniket Pal
- & Metin Sitti
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Article
| Open AccessGradient matters via filament diameter-adjustable 3D printing
Direct ink writing of complex 3D gradient structures can be challenging due to inherent method limitations. Here, the authors report continuous diameter-adjustable filament by varying printing speed and height and enable extrusion 3D printers to produce complex gradient porous matters.
- Huawei Qu
- , Chongjian Gao
- & Changshun Ruan
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Article
| Open AccessExperimentally realized physical-model-based frugal wave control in metasurface-programmable complex media
Using a compact physics-based model, the authors experimentally achieve coherent wave control in metasurface-programmable complex systems with surprisingly frugal protocols (e.g., without ever measuring phase).
- Jérôme Sol
- , Hugo Prod’homme
- & Philipp del Hougne
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Article
| Open AccessPassive frequency comb generation at radiofrequency for ranging applications
In contrast to the commonly studied optical frequency combs, here, the authors demonstrate a radio frequency system able to wirelessly and passively generate frequency combs as a battery-free solution for far-field ranging of unmanned vehicles in GPS-denied settings.
- Hussein M. E. Hussein
- , Seunghwi Kim
- & Cristian Cassella