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Recognition of fungi by the innate immune system depends on 'tasting' several pathogen-associated molecular patterns in the fungal cell wall. In this Review, the authors pull together the availablein vitro and in vivo data to propose an integrated model for Candida albicansrecognition by the innate immune system.
Bacteria have evolved several different mechanisms to target protein complexes, membrane vesicles and DNA to specific positions within the cell. Here, Thanbichler and Shapiro highlight key mechanisms of cellular organization in bacteria, with an emphasis on the role of polymeric protein assemblies in the directed movement and positioning of macromolecular complexes.
John C. Boothroyd and Jean-Francois Dubremetz review the roles of the apical rhoptry organelles in cell invasion by Apicomplexan parasites such asToxoplasma gondii and Plasmodiumspp. They propose a model in which an expansion of host range might have been the selective pressure for rhoptry-protein evolution.
