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Recent evidence of transmission of avian H5N1 viruses among mammals raises concerns about their pandemic potential. We need to increase our awareness and preparedness, and should also be thinking about safe farming practices to prevent the emergence of concerning pathogens in the future.
Choi et al. show that in mice with melanoma, immune checkpoint blockade therapy increases the translocation of live intestinal bacteria to extraintestinal sites through dendritic cell activation and lymph node remodelling.
At high doses, the dietary sweetener sucralose interferes with T cell receptor signalling, impairing antitumour and antibacterial T cell responses in mice.
Chronic stress in mice induces microbial dysbiosis and affects the differentiation of γδ T cells in the colon. These cells accumulate in the meninges and cause depression-like behaviour, which can be reversed by targeting the pattern recognition receptor dectin-1.
Neutrophils have a central role in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, particularly through neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Recent research suggests novel therapeutics targeting these structures that can improve patient outcomes.
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) drives inflammatory responses directly by inducing inflammatory gene expression and also indirectly by inducing cell death. This article reviews the various TNF-induced cell death pathways, their mode of execution and the molecular checkpoints that control them, which is revealing new opportunities for the treatment of TNF-mediated diseases.
This Review discusses the evidence for pre-existing cross-reactive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, which are mainly due to infections with common cold coronaviruses, and how such cross-reactivity affects adaptive immune responses. Furthermore, it explores cross-reactivity in the context of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and its implications for vaccine development.
Durham and Shamji review the history and future of allergen immunotherapy for established IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to common allergens. They describe the mechanisms of immunotherapy-induced tolerance and the new strategies being explored to achieve safer, more effective, long-term tolerance.
In this Perspective, Francis Carbone considers the unique characteristics of the tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cell populations that develop in the lungs. He discusses how the different properties of lung TRM cells may affect immunity to lung infections, including SARS-CoV-2.
