Reviews & Analysis

Autoimmune gastritis is a progressive, chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the destruction of gastric parietal cells and loss of intrinsic factor, leading to gastric atrophy. This PrimeView summarizes the epidemiology, diagnosis and management in addition to highlighting how little we know about the pathophysiology of this condition.

Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a chronic, autoimmune disease characterized by atrophy of the oxyntic glands of the stomach. In this Primer, Di Sabatino and colleagues discuss the epidemiology, novel insights in AIG pathogenesis, diagnostic challenges and current therapeutic options.

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology leading to an overactive thyroid gland. This PrimeView highlights the need for more effective drugs for managing Graves’ disease, as well as summarizes its epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis.

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, causing hyperthyroidism. In this Primer, Davies and colleagues discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis of Graves’ disease and highlight the need for better therapeutics for its management.

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms of HIV and ART-related fat alterations, and accompanies the Primer article on this topic by Capeau and colleagues.

HIV and antiretroviral therapy-related fat alterations are frequent in people living with HIV and include fat loss, fat gain and obesity. This Primer discusses the changing epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of these alterations.

Corneal dystrophies are bilateral, progressive inherited disorders affecting any part of the cornea and without systemic effects. This PrimeView provides an overview of the types of corneal dystrophies and their epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment.

Corneal dystrophies are bilateral, progressive inherited disorders affecting any part of the cornea. In this Primer, the authors review the different types of corneal dystrophy, their epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment, and discuss novel treatments that are in development.

Whipworms and roundworms are soil-transmitted helminths and gastrointestinal parasites; infection starts with the ingestion of eggs, and adult worms living in the small or large intestine can cause substantial morbidity and reduce the quality of life.

Whipworm and roundworm infections are neglected tropical diseases caused by the gastrointestinal nematode parasites Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides, respectively. These soil-transmitted helminths are prevalent in tropical areas and affect hundreds of millions of people, with substantial morbidity and disease burden.

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a hyperglycaemic emergency in individuals with diabetes mellitus that can occur when there is insulin deficiency or an acute illness; these triggers induce an increase in levels of counter-regulatory hormones and free fatty acids, leading to metabolic acidosis.

This Primer by Umpierrez and colleagues reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of diabetic ketoacidosis, the most common acute hyperglycaemic emergency in people with diabetes mellitus. Additionally, the authors also discuss different strategies that can be implemented to prevent recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis episodes.

This PrimeView highlights the manifestations and diagnosis of immune-related adverse events caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors, and accompanies the Primer article by Ramos-Casals et al.

Checkpoint inhibitors are increasingly being used in clinical practice; however, these therapies can be associated with adverse events that can affect almost any organ system. This Primer by Ramos-Casals and colleagues summarizes the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of these adverse events.

This PrimeView accompanies the Primer on Vulvodynia by Bergeron and colleagues, and highlights how we can improve awareness and education of vulvodynia, in addition to providing a summary of the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

This Primer by Bergeron and colleagues summarizes the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of vulvodynia, a condition that is characterized by pain in the vulva.

This PrimeView highlights the mechanisms underlying uveal melanoma, the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. This Primer describes the clinical and biological features of primary UM, and highlights how therapies to prevent and treat the (currently) deadly metastases are urgently needed.

This PrimeView highlights the epidemiology, mechanisms and management of Crohn’s disease, a progressive, destructive, chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unclear aetiology.

Crohn’s disease is a progressive, destructive inflammatory bowel disease of unclear cause and involves chronic inflammation of any part of the gastrointestinal tract. This Primer reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of this disease.