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Vesicular stomatitis virus is shown to establish collective infectious units, enabling virions to enter cells as a group. This is exacerbated in host fluids, decreases virus titre, and could facilitate both viral evolution and antiviral defence.
When faced with hypoxic conditions, Mycobacterium tuberculosis adapts its metabolism to generate intermediates reserved for re-initiation of peptidoglycan biosynthesis that can be used as soon as it is re-exposed to normoxia.
Metabolomics analyses of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae show that, unlike other metabolites, coenzymes such as pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, NAD(P), coenzyme A and flavins are long-lived in vivo and passed on over generations.
Deubiquitinase OTULIN targets linear (M1-linked) ubiquitin chain patches on cytosolic Salmonella Typhimurium to modulate NEMO, IKKα/IKKβ and NF-ĸB signalling and regulate secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and bacterial proliferation.
Plasmodium falciparum PTEF is a translation-enhancing factor that interacts with ribosomes to facilitate translation of PfEMP1–VAR2CSA, a ligand that mediates adhesion of infected red blood cells to the placenta during pregnancy-associated malaria.
Salmonella Typhimurium E3 ligase LUBAC generates linear polyubiquitin patches in the ubiquitin coat that serves as a signalling platform for the recruitment of Optineurin and Nemo for xenophagy and local activation of NF-κB, respectively.
The use of mitomycin C inductions to determine the fraction of lysogenic cells in mixed natural communities is highly variable and insensitive to bacterial host density, suggesting that other methods should be developed and used to measure lysogeny.
Magnaporthe oryzae nitronate monooxygenase NMO2 is shown to be required for prevention of damaging lipid nitration and host ROS-mediated innate immune responses in rice plants, enabling biotrophic growth of the rice blast fungus.
Drosophila Bap180 is induced by immune deficiency/Relish in response to both pathogenic and commensal bacteria. Bap180 can feedback to restrain immune deficiency signalling and repress pro-inflammatory gene eiger (TNF), limiting tissue damage and elongating life span.
The S-layer structure of C. crescentus is revealed by combining the X-ray crystal structure of an S-layer protein and cryo-ET of cell stalks. The resulting model shows that the S-layer is porous and stabilized by calcium ions.
Comparative genomics of 24 Penicillium species, including 9 that are newly sequenced, characterizes over 1000 secondary metabolism gene clusters, some of which are validated experimentally, identifying these fungi as an important untapped source of bioactive compounds.
Diversity-generating retroelements are abundant in the reduced genomes of bacteria and archaea belonging to the CPR and DPANN phyla, driving hypervariability on proteins involved in signalling, transcriptional regulation, attachment and defence.
This study shows that mitochondrial DNA leaks into the cytoplasm during dengue virus infection, activating the DNA sensor cGAS. Viral NS2B targets cGAS for lysosomal degradation, inhibiting type I interferon responses in infected cells.
In addition to canonical guide-dependent endonuclease activity, the Argonaute protein from the archaeon Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (MjAgo) is capable of guide-independent DNA cleavage, enabling MjAgo to process plasmids and genomic DNA.
Crystal structures of the Argonaute protein from the archaeon Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (MjAgo) in its apo state and bound to a guide DNA elucidate the molecular mechanisms that drive DNA-guided DNA silencing in Archaea.