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The discovery of an alternative squalene epoxidase (AltSQE) belonging to the fatty acid hydroxylase superfamily in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and other eukaryotic lineages solves the mystery of the existence of a steroid biosynthesis pathway in eukaryotes that lack the canonical flavoprotein SQE.
The interferon-inducible short isoform of human nuclear receptor coactivator 7 (NCOA7) inhibits influenza virus entry into the cytoplasm by interacting with and stimulating the activity of the vacuolar H+-ATPase, which leads to inhibition of viral and endosomal membrane fusion.
Development of a structure-based method to predict potential ARDs present in human metagenomes indicates that resistance genes are rarely transferred within the human gut, and that individuals can be clustered into resistotypes.
Structural and functional characterization of H7-reactive monoclonal neutralizing antibodies from donors naturally infected with H7N9 influenza virus reveals overlapping epitopes around the receptor binding site of haemagglutinin and antigenic change in virus lineages isolated in 2013/14 versus 2016/17, indicating a need to update H7N9 vaccines.
Neutralizing murine monoclonal antibodies against the Eeastern equine encephalitis virus target the E2 glycoprotein, block infection at a post-attachment stage by inhibiting viral membrane fusion and protect mice from lethal challenge.
The synthesis of NPY and its receptor Y1R increases in lung phagocytes during severe influenza virus infection, leading to the induction of SOCS3 and impaired antiviral response and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
Phospholipase Ds (PLDs) transform phosphatidylcholine to choline, which can then be converted to disease-associated trimethylamine. Here, PLDs are identified in gut bacteria that support growth of other bacteria and are potential therapeutic targets.
One of the most potently neutralizing flavivirus-specific monoclonal antibodies ever isolated, WNV-86, targets an epitope in E domain II of the West Nile virus (WNV), preferentially recognizes mature virions lacking an uncleaved form of the prM chaperone protein and protects mice from lethal WNV challenge when administered two days after infection.
The ribonucleotide reductase large subunit of the Epstein–Barr virus, BORF2, inhibits the DNA cytosine deaminase activity of the host restriction factor APOBEC3B and sequesters it in perinuclear and cytoplasmic bodies, thus preserving viral genome integrity during lytic reactivation.
A Legionella pneumophila effector, MavC, mediates ubiquitination through a transglutamination reaction and targets host UBE2N to inhibit immune signalling during infection.
The E3 ligase TRIM43 ubiquitinates the centrosomal protein pericentrin, targeting it for proteasomal degradation, leading to alterations of the nuclear lamina that repress active viral chromatin states of a range of herpesviruses.
Following cleavage by ADAM10, the vaccinia virus epidermal growth factor homologue, VGF, promotes infected cell motility at the leading edge of infection and spread of the virus.
The characterization of the type IV CRISPR system from Aromatoleum aromaticum shows that Csf2 serves as a backbone to which Csf5, Csf3 and Csf1 bind to form CRISPR–ribonucleoprotein complexes. Csf5 (a Cas6 variant) generates CRISPR RNAs with short, 7 nucleotide 5′-repeat tags and stable 3′ hairpin structures.
Chlamydia trachomatis DUB1 uses a single catalytic centre to carry out dual lysine deubiquitinase and acetyltransferase activity. Deubiquitination is required for Golgi fragmentation during bacterial infection.
Structures of three enterovirus D68 capsid states and two monoclonal antibodies provide a molecular explanation for the transition of picornavirus capsid conformations and reveal distinct mechanisms for viral neutralization.
Roseburia intestinalis is a butyrate-producing member of the gut microbiome that can use dietary plant polysaccharides to alter host metabolism, transcription and epigenetics, and lower inflammation and endotoxaemia, resulting in reduced atherosclerosis.
Shotgun metagenomes recovered from a thermal gradient at a coal-seam fire site identified distinct microbial communities with smaller genomes and cell sizes and altered metabolic genes in higher-temperature soils.
Faecal carbon:nitrogen measurements and manipulation of nitrogen availability via diet and host secretions in a murine model suggest that intestinal nitrogen limitation occurs due to host absorption and microbial use, leading to benefits for specific taxa.