Reviews & Analysis

Using single-cell RNA and T cell receptor sequencing along with microscopy, we identified the cell types and genes associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-related colitis. Our study will help to identify targets for early diagnosis and lays the groundwork for the development of safer immunotherapy regimens.

Large language models can translate the archaic language of pharmacy prescriptions into plain English, but reducing medication errors for patients will require interventions that go further.

A pilot study suggests that the bispecific T cell engager blinatumomab may provide a new therapy for patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis; larger studies and deep phenotyping will be crucial to thoroughly evaluate and optimize this approach.

Exome-sequencing analysis in a Chinese cohort of 1,578 children with cerebral palsy established a genetic etiology in 387 of the patients (24.5%). Children with cerebral palsy for whom perinatal asphyxia had been recorded at birth were found to be more likely to carry pathogenic or potentially pathogenic variants.

New data confirm that APOE4 homozygosity is a major genetic cause of Alzheimer’s disease, warranting the development of specialized research strategies, treatment approaches and clinical trials.

Vision–language models can be trained to read cardiac ultrasound images with implications for improving clinical workflows, but additional development and validation will be required before such models can replace humans.

A strategy that controls confounders in quantitative microbiome data challenges the validity of previously reported microbial markers in colorectal cancer and serves as a wake-up call for the microbiome research field.

AI-enabled wellness apps exist in a regulatory gray area and may pose risks if used to manage mental health issues; this Perspective outlines the possible risks to users and the implications for app developers and regulators.

QR4 is a new cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk score developed and evaluated in 16.9 million people that has better performance than other commonly used CVD risk scores. It includes nine new risk factors associated with increased risk of developing CVD (for example, a heart attack or stroke) over the next 10 years.

Food allergy treatment is undergoing a paradigm shift with new therapies emerging, including the recent FDA approval of omalizumab — but without evidence of disease modification and with uncertain quality-of-life improvement, it may not be a panacea for all.

AI models for tasks such as pathology and dermatology struggle to generalize to new patient groups or hospitals that they were not trained on; learning more robust features from unlabeled data could prevent overfitting to the training distribution and thereby increase fairness.

Causal machine learning methods could be used to predict treatment outcomes for subgroups and even individual patients; this Perspective outlines the potential benefits and limitations of the approach, offering practical guidance for appropriate clinical use.

Recent developments in bioengineering and organic chemistry have enabled targeting of the previously ‘undruggable’ KRAS; this review summarizes the successes, challenges and future of KRAS therapeutics in the clinic.

A small, prospective clinical study shows that ex vivo drug screening of pediatric cancer samples can identify effective therapeutic options. If validated, these findings could herald a new approach to precision medicine in this setting.

A large study of older adults in China points to physical and cognitive function — not age — as key predictors of heat-related mortality, highlighting the need for climate adaptation policies to prioritize accessibility across all age groups.

Most suspected cholera cases are not tested for Vibrio cholerae. Integrating systematic testing into cholera surveillance systems, even with imperfect rapid diagnostic tests, could yield large gains in efficiency and cost savings in the geographic targeting of mass oral cholera vaccination campaigns.

Evaluation of a clinical summarization method based on GPT-4 suggests that such models might reduce the documentation burden on clinicians — but prospective evaluation with high-priority tasks will be the true test of its potential.

The implementation of PCR tests of pooled saliva samples for universal screening of congenital cytomegalovirus infection was assessed in 15,805 neonates over 13 months. This extensive analysis revealed the high feasibility and empirical efficiency of the pooled testing approach, which had a clinically insignificant loss of sensitivity.

Clinical disease trajectories that describe neuropsychiatric symptoms were identified using natural language processing for 3,042 brain donors diagnosed with various neurodegenerative disorders. Trajectories revealed distinct temporal patterns that result in the identification of new clinical subtypes, and a subset of misdiagnosed donors.

Telehealth provision of medication abortion is safe and effective, but ensuring equitable access is challenging in the USA — and further compounded by an upcoming Supreme Court case.