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Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, or TdT, inserts additional nucleotides to immunoglobulin and T cell antigen receptor genes. Kearney and colleagues report on page 457 that the short and the long forms of this enzyme have distinct activities, with the former acting as a DNA polymerase and the latter as an exonuclease.
Immunologists gather at Asilomar each January in a pleasant and informal setting to discuss recent findings on the development and regulation of immune responses.
Synapse formation in the immune system and the nervous system have common features. The identification of neuropilin-1, a neuronal receptor, as participating in naïve T cell–DC contact helps emphasize the molecular similarities between these systems.
The pTα cytoplasmic chain was initially thought to be dispensable for T cell development. A reanalysis of the pTα cytoplasmic tail now shows this domain plays a critical role in pre-TCR signaling.
CD1 presents lipid antigens to T cells. Intrinsic properties of microbial lipids, such as alkyl chain length, may be essential determinants of their efficient presentation to T cells.
In some autoimmune diseases, antibodies form that recognize other self-antibodies or DNA. A recent report in Nature implicates the Toll-like receptor 9 and innate immunity as a possible key to understanding the initiation of this process.