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Dendritic cells (DCs) can promote or inhibit T cell responses. Grogan and colleagues show that the T cell protein TIGIT, by engaging poliovirus receptor on DCs, promotes DC interleukin 10 production, which inhibits T cell activation.
Suppression of the kinase NIK prevents NF-κB signaling. The Cheng and Karin labs demonstrate that adaptor proteins TRAF2 and TRAF3 and ubiquitin ligases cIAP1 and cIAP2 regulate NIK degradation.
Foxp3 is required for the generation and function of regulatory T cells. Kuchroo and colleagues find that interleukin 4 blocks the generation of these cells but promotes T helper cells that produce interleukins 9 and 10.
Suppression of the kinase NIK prevents NF-κB signaling. The Cheng and Karin labs demonstrate that adaptor proteins TRAF2 and TRAF3 and ubiquitin ligases cIAP1 and cIAP2 regulate NIK degradation.
Foxo transcription factors are linked to complex regulatory circuits governed by the availability of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate. Rickert and colleagues show that Foxo1 has nonredundant functions at many stages of B cell development.
Classically activated macrophages are targets of intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacteria tuberculosis. Murray and colleagues find that such pathogens induce arginase 1 in these macrophages to block the production of antibacterial nitric oxide.
Mature B cell survival requires signals from the BCR and from the BLyS receptor BR3. Michael Cancro and colleagues demonstrate crosstalk between these pathways, as BCR signals supply a substrate needed for BR3 signal transmission.
The Large Hadron Collider exemplifies big, bold science that can bring great breakthroughs and, perhaps equally importantly, inspire the public's sense of purpose and possibility.
Interferon-γ exerts many effects on the immune system. A new report shows that it induces both autophagy and Irgm1, a GTPase that protects activated CD4+ T cells from executing autophagy.
Major histocompatibility complex class II molecules present peptides to CD4+ T cells. New findings indicate that conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells handle these molecules differently after activation.
The work of epidemiologists before the isolation of human immunodeficiency virus 25 years ago demonstrates the power of the epidemiological method to gain an understanding of disease pathogenesis.
Cancer cells are more resistant to complement-mediated lysis and use this attribute to set up a locally immunosuppressive environment. However, new findings suggest that tumor-driven complement activation can also provide the tumor a growth advantage.
A flurry of studies has suggested the importance of the actin regulator coronin 1A in lymphocyte development. Now, mutants of this regulator are shown to cause immunodeficiency in both mice and humans.
Dicer proteins direct RNA-interference activities. Imler and colleagues show that Dicer-2 induces Vago-dependent antiviral response in flies and that Dicer proteins are related to RIG-I viral sensors.
TGF-β promotes the differentiation of TH-17 and regulatory T cells. Stockinger and colleagues show that TGF-β also directs differentiation of a unique interleukin 9–producing T cell subset.
TLR9 binds unmethylated CpG DNA and sends signals from endolysosomes. Ploegh and colloeagues find that cleavage mediated by endolysosomal cathepsins is required for TLR9 activation.