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The lowermost mantle and transition zone are increasingly oxidized at depth, according to analyses of the oxidation state of iron in majoritic garnet inclusions from deep diamonds.
Two catastrophic glacier collapse events in western Tibet in 2016 were caused by a convergence of weather and glacier-bed conditions, according to an analysis of observations and modelling.
A persistent melt layer may have existed in the Archaean upper mantle, according to experimental analyses. The melt layer could have decoupled the mantle from the overlying lithosphere, hindering plate tectonics.
Variability of summertime Arctic sea-ice reduction is closely linked to transient Arctic anticyclones, which result from air mass injections into the Arctic upper troposphere associated with extratropical cyclones.
Oxidized sulfur, formed in photochemical reactions in an anoxic atmosphere, fuelled microbial sulfate reduction in Mesoarchaean oxygenated near-shore seas, according to sulfur and iron isotopes in pyrite.
Ice-shelf mass in the Amundsen Sea is influenced by El Niño events and other interannual climate variability, according to an analysis of satellite altimeter data from 1994 to 2017.