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A histone deacetylase inhibitor seems to restore the transcriptional activity of a silenced gene by overcoming heterochromatin effects, thereby offering a potential treatment for the neurodegenerative disease Friedreich's ataxia.
D-Amino acids can be useful building blocks for pharmaceuticals, but synthesizing them at a low cost remains challenging. A good catalyst for generating unnatural D-amino acids has been created by expanding the substrate range of a highly specific dehydrogenase.
Enzymatic cyclization of the linear polyketide chain to form a macrolactone is a key step in the biosynthesis of type I polyketide natural products. Structural biology and inhibitor design were used to gain insight into the mechanism and specificity of this enzymatic process.
Caspase-3 is a central player in the orchestration of apoptotic cell death. A newly identified compound selectively activates caspase-3, has proapoptotic activity against transformed cells and retards the growth of procaspase-3–rich tumors.
New advances in mass spectrometry allow researchers to determine the way multiple protein subunits are assembled spatially. This approach can reveal topology and provide information on the interacting proteins of the 19S proteasome.
Nitrite is an inorganic anion essential in cell signaling and vascular biology. A new study shows that the multicopper oxidase ceruloplasmin is critical for maintaining plasma nitrite, revealing a new link between copper and nitric oxide homeostasis.
Differentiation-inducing factor 1 is a modified polyketide natural product involved in the differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum cells. A new study shows that a type III polyketide synthase existing in an unusual association with type I fatty acid synthase domains is responsible for biosynthesis of this signaling compound.
Glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions are an important frontier for discovering new mechanisms of cellular regulation by complex sugars. The integration of the 'chemical glycomics' strategies of synthetic chemistry, arrays and biological assays shows that the precise pattern of sugar sulfation dictates the specificity of a sugar's function.
Endogenous electric fields in wounds have been documented for centuries, but they have received little attention from the scientific community. A new study shows that manipulation of these electric fields affects wound healing in vivo and identifies the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway as a key component of cell migration in response to electric cues.
Tus proteins bound to multiple ter sequences on DNA determine the site of DNA replication termination in Escherichia coli. Biochemical and structural studies reveal how the Tus–ter complex arrests replication forks in a direction-sensitive manner.
Genetic manipulation of biosynthetic pathways is a useful method for producing analogs of complex bioactive metabolites, but this technique can be challenging when performed in the natural producer of the target compounds. Reconstruction of biosynthetic gene clusters in E. coli could be the key to rapid heterologous production of natural products and genetic manipulation of their biosynthetic pathways.
Enzymatic conversion of sphingomyelin to ceramide-1-phosphate in the external leaflet of the cellular membrane has now been shown to markedly facilitate opening of classical voltage-activated potassium channels. This discovery raises the possibility that lipids may have more prominent roles in the gating mechanism of these important ion channels than was previously appreciated.
Specialized transmembrane proteins known as G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) serve as universal cell surface switches to transmit hormones, neurotransmitter and other extracellular chemical signals into cells. Testing ligands of different efficacies reveals two independent modes of receptor switching.
Though uptake of beneficial foreign DNA confers fitness advantages to bacteria, the mechanisms protecting bacteria from harmful foreign DNA have been unclear. A new study suggests that the H-NS protein transcriptionally silences invading DNA by recognizing its low G-C content, thereby protecting cell viability during bacterial evolution.
