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A northward shift of the Gulf Stream in 2008 interrupted the Labrador Current and may have contributed to abrupt warming and an ecosystem shift in the Northwest Atlantic Shelf a year later, suggest satellite altimetry and direct subsurface measurements.
The main pattern of seismic anisotropy beneath Anatolia, Turkey is probably dominated by a deep region around the mantle transition zone, according to fundamental-mode Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity maps from ambient noise seismology and earthquake records.
Indigenous farming practices in the Basin-Plateau Region of the western USA influenced high-elevation forest fire regimes, according to sedimentary archives, tree rings and archeological data
Stratospheric sulfur emissions from the Toba supereruption about 74,000 years ago suppressed ozone formation which caused severe tropical ozone layer depletion and enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation stress, according to Earth system model simulations.
Much higher surface temperatures in a north Greenland fjord, compared to a neighbouring fjord, during high air temperatures in 2019 can be explained by a sea ice dam at the fjord entrance that trapped a buoyant surface layer, suggests an analysis of hydrographic observations.
In dynamic 3D spherical shell models, weakening due to convection induced stresses results in transform-like offsets which replicate the geometry of oceanic transform faults and have no clear dependence on the location of active upwellings
Wildfire charcoal is an important source of environmentally persistent free radicals, a precursor to harmful reactive oxygen species, according to electron spin resonance spectroscopy analyses of natural pyrogenic carbon.
A dominance of slow-growing microbes reduces carbon loss in peatlands with predominantly woody vegetation and may help with peatland preservation under climate change, according to a comparison of microbial communities from different types of peatlands.
Direct observations of a glacial plume on the calving front reveal intense, tide-modulated fluctuations in physical properties of water, drainage of an ice-dammed lake, sudden stratification shifts, as well as coherent upwelling pulses of warm water.
Fractional crystallization during the evolution of mid-ocean ridge basalts can explain why they are so different in iron isotopic composition from abyssal peridotites, according to chemical analyses of drill core samples from the Atlantis Bank.
A substantial positive salinity anomaly affected the California Current System in the eastern North Pacific Ocean from 2017-2019 and may indicate a change in source waters, according to a compilation of shipboard, ocean glider and Argo float data.
The aseismic slip rate, which increases sharply immediately after a giant earthquake and then rapidly decays, increases again gradually toward the next event, according to observations of earthquakes globally using the Japanese dense seismic network.
Central Europe experienced long-lasting droughts during the Spörer and Dalton solar minima around AD 1450 and 1800 that were more severe and extensive than those observed in the 21st century, according to palaeoclimate reconstructions.
Tropical rainfall patterns varied throughout Marine Isotope Stage 5, beyond the influence of meridional shifts in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, suggest analyses of tropical hydroclimate proxy records and model-based precipitation reconstructions.
Moisture sources to the Black Sea changed in response to atmospheric frontal displacements driven by Eurasian Ice Sheet dynamics during the last glacial period, according to analyses of ostracod oxygen and strontium isotope data from Black Sea sediments.
Hydrothermal mineralising fluids migrated from relatively deep, evolved and water-rich magmas via crystal mush dykes to reach the ore-forming environment in the Yerington porphyry system, according to field, petrographic and geochemical investigations.
Deeply subducted continental crust can form partially molten buoyant diapirs and explain the presence of ultra-high pressure rocks far from plate boundaries, according to a comparison of numerical models and observations from the Bohemian Massif
Gold nanoparticles identified in the Kenty orogenic gold deposit were liberated by dissolution processes, transported along fluid pathways and coarsened through a form of Ostwald ripening, according to nanoscale observations and chemical analyses.
Long-term experimental drought in the Amazon rain forest leads to shifts in soil fungal community composition, soil enzyme activities that indicate nitrogen limitation, and an increase in the relative abundance of drought-resistant dark septate fungi.
Microbial processes, particularly denitrification, are more important in driving nitrous acid production and emissions in aerobic soils than abiotic processes, according to 15N tracer and isotope pool dilution experiments in boreal agricultural soils.