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This collection, collated by the cancer editorial community of Nature Research journals, presents Research Articles, Reviews,and Disease Primers & PrimeViews across a wide range of rare cancer types, from preclinical and translational work to clinical research. Rare cancers can be defined as cancers with a prevalence of fewer than 5 cases per 100,000 people. These cancers pose particular challenges for researchers, but innovations and advances are discovered daily and here we focus on highlighting the breadth and depth of the research currently taking place across the globe to advance our understanding of these rare cancers.