Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain
the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in
Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles
and JavaScript.
Symbiosis is commonly associated with interactions between two different species that are beneficial to each other (mutualistic). Yet, the term encapsulates any close or long-term relationships between dissimilar organisms (symbionts), be it parasitic (one organism benefits whilst harming the other) or commensalistic (one organism gains, while the other is neither benefited nor harmed). The intricate relationships between symbionts have shaped evolution not only in terms of individual species, but also whole ecosystems within and between single organisms. Disruption of symbiotic relationships, potentially as result of anthropogenic pressures, can have serious and lasting consequences to ecosystems and the services they provide.
This Collection welcomes submissions of original research from all fields, including multidisciplinary studies with a focus on symbiosis and the various forms it can take at any scale. Here we aim to provide a platform to studies exploring both theoretical and practical aspects of symbiosis.