To the Editor:
In the article titled “Myocardial inflammation, cellular death, and viral detection in sudden infant death caused by SIDS, suffocation, or myocarditis,” Krous et al. (1) presented results concerning cases of suspected SIDS (n = 24), suffocation (n = 25), and myocarditis (n = 4). Their data indeed did not confirm the findings of our study published in this journal (2), possibly due to technical and analytical differences between the two studies. We reported an increase in the number of T lymphocytes in cases of suspected sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (n = 63) compared with controls who had died of non-natural causes (n = 11). In addition, we found viral genome in myocardial samples of SIDS cases (fixed up to only 48 h in neutral phosphate-buffered formaldehyde). In our prospective study, we used another antibody than that used by Krous et al. to detect T lymphocytes (CD45R0 instead of CD3) to identify cases suspicious for inflammation. On the one hand, our immunohistochemical preliminary criteria (2) are more rigorous compared with those suggested for adults and on the other hand, the interstitial space in the myocardium of babies is less than in the myocardium of adults. Therefore, our suggestions are not arbitrary and >10 CD45R0+ T lymphocytes or >15 CD45R0+ T lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages in summation (mean value of 20 high-power fields; ×400), found in the myocardial interstitium, demonstrate an inflammatory myocardial process. The presence of either myocardial inflammatory infiltrates or single focal inflammatory infiltration only demonstrates the necessity to investigate serial samples. Are there really only a few scattered inflammatory cells and necrotic cardiomyocytes, regardable as not pathologic and found by chance?
If a mild or moderate increase of T lymphocytes and evidence of, for example, an enteroviral genome (well known to be able to cause lethal arrhythmias and to infect cardiomyocytes), the T lymphocytes seem to indicate an inflammatory process, even if the Dallas criteria for myocarditis are not met. Indeed, pathologists have yet to agree on what constitutes myocarditis and Krous et al. mention a number of criteria. One criterion must be the detection of viral genome by PCR techniques because virus infections are the most common cause of myocarditis. Meanwhile, we found the same results in a greater study group and control group (3). Other working groups also attributed cases of sudden children death to virus infections in the context of SIDS (4,5). With regard to the fact that infections with the viruses detected (enteroviruses, adenoviruses, Epstein-Barr-virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpes simplex virus type 6, and parvovirus B19) are common in early childhood, the detection of one of these viruses also in one control case is possible, the myocardium is a key target tissue for especially coxsackievirus infection, but it is not the only virus, the viruses seem to trigger sudden cardiac death: our hypothesis is, that unknown constitutional or genetic risk factors (e.g., cardiomyopathies, misdiagnosed as SIDS, differences in the immune response of the organism to viral antigens) together with environmental circumstances (sleeping position, room temperature, etc.) can lead to sudden cardiac death, which may occur due to virus infection in combination with e.g., genetic heart disorders associated with structural and arrhythmogenic abnormalities. It should be noted that, as far as we know, the human myocardium cannot be regarded as long-term natural host tissue without pathologic changes for the viruses identified by PCR techniques, perhaps except parvovirus B19. To find out cases with mild or moderate signs of inflammation and where a search for virus genome and/or genetic disorders can lead to further knowledge, our suggested immunohistochemical criteria (2) may be helpful.
References
Krous HF, Ferandos C, Masoumi H, Arnold J, Haas EA, Stanley C, Grossfeld PD 2009 Myocardial inflammation, cellular death, and viral detection in sudden infant death, caused by SIDS, suffocation, or myocarditis. Pediatr Res 66: 17–21
Dettmeyer R, Baasner A, Schlamman M, Padosch SA, Haag C, Kandolf R, Madea B 2004 Role of virus-induced myocardial affections in sudden infant death syndrome: a prospective post-mortem study. Pediatr Res 55: 947–952
Dettmeyer R, Baasner A, Haag C, Bruch S, Schlamann M 2009 Immunohistochemical and molecular-pathological diagnosis of myocarditis in cases of suspected sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)—a multicenter study. Leg Med 11: S124–S127
Fernández-Rodríguez A, Ballesteros S, de Ory F, Echevarría JE, Álvarez-Lafuente R, Vallejo G, Gómez J 2006 Virological analysis in the diagnosis of sudden children death: a medico-legal approach. Forensic Sci Int 161: 8–14
Álvarez-Lafuente R, Aguilera B, Paz Suárez-Mier M, Morentin B, Vallejo G, Gómez J, Fernández-Rodríguez A 2008 Detection of human herpesvirus-6, Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in formalin-fixed tissues from sudden infant death: a study with quantitative real-time PCR. Forensic Sci Int 178: 106–111
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Dettmeyer, R., Bruch, S. & Haag, C. Letter to Editor. Pediatr Res 66, 714 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181c1b76a
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181c1b76a
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