Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mediates programmed proliferative degeneration of fetal ductus arteriosus. VEGF receptor 1 and VEGF-R3 are required for normal blood vessel development during embryogenesis while VEGF-R2 is the predominant player in later angiogenic signaling.

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The presence of the active glucocorticoid receptor isoform around human islet formation supports early expression of crucial transcription factors that modulate pancreatic development.

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Urothelium secreted diffusible factor at low concentrations induces and at high concentrations inhibits smooth muscle thereby patterning mesenchymal cell differentiation across the full thickness of the fibromuscular bladder wall.

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Cryptic chromosomal abnormalities were identified by the whole-genome array comparative genomic hybridization in children with congenital heart disease and a neurologic abnormality, warranting extensive genetic testing in children who meet these two criteria.

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A decrease in head growth along with chronic diffuse brain white matter injury of varying severity identify a spectrum of abnormal central nervous system development and/or injury in the hypoplastic left heart syndrome human fetus.

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Detection of H. pylori antigen in stool is associated with sudden infant death syndrome and deaths due to infection suggesting that H. pylori may be a triggering pathogen for sudden death in the first five months of life.

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