Phenylalanine that accumulates in phenyl ketonuria inhibits dendritic branching via RhoA signaling providing a basis for neuronal injury that underlies mental retardation in this condition.

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11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 enzyme that oxidizes the biologically active glucocorticoid cortisol to inactive cortisone is regulated by 17-β estradiol in male, but not in female, fetal lungs.

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Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A, an endocrine disruptor, partially interrupts the development of oral tolerance in ovalbumin-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice.

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Resuscitation for 30 minutes with 100% as opposed to 21% oxygen after birth in asphyxiated near-term fetal sheep increased brain cortical expression of interleukin 1-b, IL-12p40, Toll-like receptor 2 and TLR 4. The TLRs may serve a pro-inflammatory role in hyperoxemia during ischemia reperfusion setting the stage for aggravating subsequent cerebral injury.

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Magnetic resonance imaging to assess the expected contra-lateral right fetal lung volume and the presence of a complete pulmonary baseline in isolated left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernias allowed prediction of postnatal mortality and the requirement of extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation.

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The pathogenesis of atypical measles and enhanced respiratory syncytial viral diseases and the requirements for generation of protective antibodies that will contribute to the development of newer safe and effective vaccines are discussed.

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