Abstract
Most theories of motor cortex have assumed that neural activity represents movement parameters. This view derives from what is known about primary visual cortex, where neural activity represents patterns of light. Yet it is unclear how well the analogy between motor and visual cortex holds. Single-neuron responses in motor cortex are complex, and there is marked disagreement regarding which movement parameters are represented. A better analogy might be with other motor systems, where a common principle is rhythmic neural activity. Here we find that motor cortex responses during reaching contain a brief but strong oscillatory component, something quite unexpected for a non-periodic behaviour. Oscillation amplitude and phase followed naturally from the preparatory state, suggesting a mechanistic role for preparatory neural activity. These results demonstrate an unexpected yet surprisingly simple structure in the population response. This underlying structure explains many of the confusing features of individual neural responses.
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Acknowledgements
We are deeply grateful to K. Briggman and W. Kristan for providing data recorded from the leech. We thank M. Risch for animal care, S. Eisensee for administrative support, and D. Haven and B. Oskotsky for information technology support. We thank Z. Ghahramani and C. Rasmussen for discussion of jPCA and related methods. We thank D. Sussillo, S. Grossman and M. Sahani for analysis suggestions and commentary on the manuscript. This work was supported by a Helen Hay Whitney postdoctoral fellowship and National Institutes of Health (NIH) postdoctoral training fellowship (M.M.C.), the Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Awards in the Biomedical Sciences (M.M.C., K.V.S.), Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council grant EP/H019472/1 and the McDonnell Center (J.P.C.), a National Science Foundation graduate research fellowship (M.T.K.), a Texas Instruments Stanford Graduate Fellowship (J.D.F.), a Paul and Daisy Soros Fellowship (P.N.), the Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program (P.N.), and these awards to K.V.S.: NIH Director’s Pioneer Award (1DP1OD006409), NIH NINDS EUREKA Award (R01-NS066311), NIH NINDS BRP (R01-NS064318), NIH NINDS CRCNS (R01-NS054283), DARPA-DSO REPAIR (N66001-10-C-2010), Stanford Center for Integrated Systems, NSF Center for Neuromorphic Systems Engineering at Caltech, Office of Naval Research, and the Whitaker Foundation, the McKnight Foundation, the Sloan Foundation and the Weston Havens Foundation.
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Contributions
The jPCA method was designed by J.P.C. and M.M.C. M.M.C. and M.T.K. collected data from the reaching monkeys. J.D.F. and P.N. collected data from the walking monkey. S.I.R. led the array implantation surgeries. K.V.S. contributed to all aspects of the work. All authors discussed the results and commented on the analyses and manuscript.
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Supplementary information
Supplementary Information
This file contains Supplementary Figures 1-11, Supplementary Text and Data, legends for Supplementary Movies 1-5 and additional references. (PDF 2272 kb)
Supplementary Movie 1
This move shows the neural trajectory in the walking monkey (2× real time) - see Supplementary Information file for full legend. (MOV 367 kb)
Supplementary Movie 2
This movie Illustrates how the PCA axes were rotated to find the jPCA projection - see Supplementary Information file for full legend. (MOV 3066 kb)
Supplementary Movie 3
This movie shows the jPCA projections as a function of time - see Supplementary Information file for full legend. (MOV 2378 kb)
Supplementary Movie 4
This movie shows the jPCA projections as a function of time after applying the shuffle control - see Supplementary Information file for full legend. (MOV 1793 kb)
Supplementary Movie 5
This movie shows the jPCA projections as a function of time for populations of muscle recordings - see Supplementary Information file for full legend. (MOV 1150 kb)
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Churchland, M., Cunningham, J., Kaufman, M. et al. Neural population dynamics during reaching. Nature 487, 51–56 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11129
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11129
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