This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 8 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $32.38 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Abrams P, Feneley RCL . The significance of the symptoms associated with bladder outflow obstruction. Urol Int 1978; 33: 171–174.
Abrams P . New words for old: lower urinary tract symptoms for ‘prostatism’. Brit Med J 1994; 308: 929–930.
Cerda R . Use of antimuscarinics in men with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia and overactive bladder symptoms. Actas Urol Esp 2006; 30: 849–855.
Denis L, Griffiths K, Khoury S et al. (eds). Proceedings of the 4th International Consultation on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasis (BPH), Paris, July 2–5, 1997. Jersey: Scientific Communications 1997.
Lepor H . Pathophysiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia in the aging male population. Urology 2005; 7 (Suppl 4): S3–S12.
Berry SJ, Coffey DS, Walsh PC, Ewing LL . The development of human benign prostatic hyperplasia with age. J Urol 1984; 132: 474–479.
Wie JT, Calhoun E, Jacobsen SJ . Urologic diseases in America project: benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2005; 173: 1256.
Tsang KK, Garraway WM . Prostatism and the burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia on elderly men. Age Ageing 1994; 23: 360.
Tanagho EA, McAninch JW . Smith's General Urology. Appleton and Lange: Connecticut, 1995, Vol. 397, pp 172–174.
McNeal JE . The zonal anatomy of the prostate. Prostate 1981; 2: 35–49.
Lawrentschuk N, Frydenberg M . Benign Prostate Disorders, 2007 (endotext.com).
McNeal J . Pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia: insight into etiology. Urol Clin North Am 1990; 17: 477.
Leventis AK, Shariat SF, Utsunomiya T, Slawin KM . Characteristics of normal prostate vascular anatomy as displayed by power Doppler. Prostate 2001; 46: 281–288.
Olumi AF, Richie JP . Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: Urologic Surgery, 18 edn. Saunders, 2007.
Walsh Retik, Vaughan Wein . Campbell's Urology. Saunders: New York, 2002, Vol. 2, pp 832, 833, 1312–1313.
McConnell JD . The Pathophysiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. J Androl 1991; 12: 356–363.
Jaffe W, Kaplan SA . The epidemiology and pathophysiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Atlas of the Prostate, 3rd edn. July, 2005.
Levin RM, Monson FC, Haugaard N, Buttyan R, Hudson A, Roelofs M et al. Genetic and cellular characteristics of bladder outlet obstruction. Urol Clin North Am 1995; 22: 263.
Polyanska M, Arner A, Malmquist U, Uvelius B . Lactate dehydrogenase activity and isoform distribution in the rat urinary bladder: effects of outlet obstruction and its removal. J Urol 1993; 150: 543–545.
Gabella G, Uvelius B . Reversal of muscle hypertrophy in the rat urinary bladder after removal of urethral obstruction. Cell Tissue Res 1994; 277: 333–339.
Moore RJ, Gazak JM, Wilson JD . Regulation of cytoplasmic dihydrotestosterone binding in dog prostate by 17 beta-estradiol. J Clin Invest 1979; 63: 351–357.
Trachtenberg J . Androgen receptor content of nafoxidine treated experimentally induced canine prostatic hyperplasia. Clin Invest Med 1985; 1: 29–34.
Berry SJ . A Study of Spontaneous Prostatic Hyperplasia in the Beagle. The John Hopkns University; Thesis: Baltimore, MD, 1984.
Berry SJ, Isaacs JT . Comparative aspects of prostatic growth and androgen metabolism with aging in the dog versus the rat. Endocrinology 1984; 114: 511–520.
Partin AW, Oesterling JE, Epstein JI, Horton R, Walsh PC . The influence of age and endrocrine factors on the volume of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1991; 145: 405–409.
Tsurusaki T, Aoki D, Kanetake H, Inoue S, Muramatsu M, Hishikawa Y et al. Zone-dependent expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 1333–1340.
Smith P, Rhodes NP, Ke Y, Foster CS . Relationship between upregulated estrogen receptors and expression of growth factors in cultured human, prostatic stromal cells exposed to estradiol or dihydrotestosterone. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2004; 7: 57–62.
Sanda MG, Beaty TH, Stutzman RE, Childs B, Walsh PC . Genetic susceptibility of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1994; 152: 115–119.
Sanda MG, Doehring CB, Binkowitz B, Beaty TH, Partin AW, Hale E et al. Clinical and biological characteristics of familial benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1997; 157: 876.
Pearson JD, Lei HH, Beaty TH, Wiley KE, Isaacs SD, Isaacs WB et al. Familial aggregation of bothersome benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms. Urology 2003; 61: 781.
Kang D, Andriole GL, Van de Vooren RC, Crawford D, Chia D, Urban DA et al. Risk behaviors and benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU International 2004; 93: 1241–1245.
Roberts RO, Jacobsen SJ, Rhodes T, Guess HA, Girman CJ, Panser LA et al. Cigarette smoking and prostatism: a biphasic association? Urology 1994; 43: 797–801.
Chopra IJ, Tulchinsky D, Greenway FL . Estrogen-androgen imbalance in hepatic cirrhosis: studies in 13 male patients. Ann Intern Med 1973; 79: 198–203.
Morrison AS . Risk factors for surgery for prostatic hypertrophy. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 974–980.
Sidney S, Quesenberry Jr CP, Sadler MC, Lydick EG, Guess HA, Cattolica EV . Risk factors for surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia in a prepaid healthcare plan. Urology 1991; 38 (Suppl 1): 13–19.
Meigs JB, Mohr B, Barry MJ, Collins MM, McKinlay JB . Risk factors for clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia in a community-based population of healthy aging men. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54: 935.
Michel MC, Heemann U, Schumacher H, Mehlburger L, Goepel M . Association of hypertension with symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2004; 172: 1390.
Hammarsten J, Hogstedt B . Hyperinsulinaemia as a risk factor for developing benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol 2001; 39: 151.
Eldrup E, Lindholm J, Winkel P . Plasma sex hormones and ischemic heart disease. Clin Biochem 1987; 20: 105–112.
Soygur T, Kupeli B, Aydos K, Küpeli S, Arikan N, Müftüoğlu YZ . Effect of obesity on prostatic hyperplasia: its relation to sex steroid levels. Int Urol Nephrol 1996; 28: 55–59.
Daniell HW . Larger prostatic adenomas in obese men with no associated increase in obstructive uropathy. J Urol 1993; 149: 315–317.
Giovanucci E, Rimm EB, Chute CG, Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ et al. Obesity and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Am J Epidemol 1994; 140: 989–1002.
Rhodes T, Girma CJ, Jacobsen SJ, Roberts RO, Guess HA, Lieber MM . Longitudinal prostate growth rates during 5 years in randomly selected community men 40 to 79 years old. J Urol 1999; 161: 1174.
Jacobsen SJ, Jacobson DJ, Girman CJ, Roberts RO, Rhodes T, Guess HA et al. Treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia among community dwelling men: The Olmsted County Study of Urinary Symptoms and Health Status. J Urol 1999; 162: 1301.
Roehrborn CG, McConnell JD, Lieber M, Kaplan S, Geller J, Malek GH et al. Serum prostate specific antigen concentration is a powerful predictor of acute urinary retention and need for surgery in men with clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia. PLESS Study group. Urology 1999; 53: 473.
Kim ED . The use of baseline clinical measure to predict those at risk for progressin of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Curr Urol Rep 2004; 5: 267–273.
McNeal J . Pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia: insight into etiology. Urol Clin North Am 1990; 17: 477.
Kaplan SA, Te AE, Pressler LB, Olsson CA . Transition zone index as a method of assessing benign prostatic hyperplasia: correlation with symptoms, urine flow and detrusor pressure. J Urol 1995; 154: 1764.
AUA Practice Guidelines Committee. AUA Guidelines on management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (2003). Chapter 1: diagnosis and treatment recommendations. J Urol 2003; 170: 530–547.
Barry MJ, Williford WO, Chang Y, Machi M, Jones KM, Walker-Corkery E et al. Benign prostatic hyperplasia specific health status measures in clinical research: how much change in the American Urological Association symptom index and benign prostatic hyperplasia impact index is perceptible to patients? J Urol 1995; 154: 1770–1774.
Moon TD, Brannan W, Stone NN, Ercole C, Crawford ED, Chodak G et al. Effect of age, educational status, ethnicity and geographic lovation on prostate symptom score. J Urol 1994; 152: 1498–1500.
Barry MJ, Fowler FJ, Chang Y, Liss CL, Wilson H, Stek Jr M . The American Urological Association symptom index: does mode of administration affect its psychometric properties? J Urol 1995; 154: 1056–1059.
Homma Y, Kawabe K, Tsukamoto T, Yamanaka H, Okada K, Okajima E et al. Epidemiologic survey of lower urinary tract symptoms in Asia and Australia using the international prostate symptom score. Int J Urol 1997; 4: 40–46.
Nacey JN, Morum P, Delahunt B . Analysis of the prevalence of voiding symptoms in Maori, Pacific Island, and Caucasian New Zealand men. Urology 1995; 46: 506–511.
Tay KP, Chin CM, Lim PH, Chng HC . Prostate screening—the Singapore experience. Int J Urol 1996; 3: 102–107.
Barry MJ, Fowler Jr FJ, Bin L, Pitts III JC, Harris CJ, Mulley Jr AG . The natural history of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia as diagnosed by North American urologists. J Urol 1997; 157: 10.
Kaplan S, Garvin D, Gilhooly P, Koppel M, Labasky R, Milsten R et al. Impact of baseline symptom severity on future risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia-related outcomes and long-term response to finsteride. Urology 2000; 56: 610.
Reynard JM, Yang Q, Donocan JL, Peters TJ, Schafer W, de la Rosette JJ et al. The ICS-‘BPH’ Study: Uroflowmetry, lower urinary tract symptoms and bladder outlet obstruction. BJU 1998; 82: 619.
Girman CJ, Panser LA, Chute CG, Oesterling JE, Barrett DM, Chen CC et al. Natural history of prostatism: urinary flow rates in a community-based study. J Urol 1993; 150: 887–892.
Garrelts VB . Analysis of micturition: a new method of recording the voiding of the bladder. Acta Chir Scand 1956; 112: 326–340.
Garrelts VB . Micturition in the normal male. Acta Chir Scand 1957; 114: 197–210.
Garrelts VB . Micturition in disorders of the prostate and posterior urethra. Acta Chir Scand 1958; 115: 227–241.
Scott R, McIhaney JS . Voiding rates in normal adults. J Urol 1961; 85: 980–982.
Susset JG, Picker P, Kretzer M, Jorset R . Critical evaluation of uroflow-meters and analysis of normal curves. J Urol 1973; 109: 874–878.
Siroky MB, Olsson CA, Krane RJ . The flow rate nomogram I. Development. J Urol 1979; 122: 665–668.
Siroky MB, Olsson CA, Krane RJ . The flow rate nomogram II. Clinical correlation. J Urol 1980; 123: 208–210.
Beck AD, Gaudin HJ . The measurement and significance of the urinary flow rate. Aust N Z J Surg 1969; 39: 99–102.
Haylen BT, Ashby D, Sutherst JR, Frazer MI, West CR . Maximum and average urine flow rates in normal male and female populations—the Liverpool nomograms. Br J Urol 1989; 64: 30–38.
Golomb J, Lindner A, Siegel Y, Korczak D . Variability and circadian plasia compared to normal controls. J Urol 1992; 147: 1044–1047.
Jacobsen SJ, Jacobson DJ, Girman CJ, Roberts RO, Rhodes T, Guess HA et al. Natural history of prostatism: risk factors for acute urinary retention. J Urol 1997; 158: 481.
Roberts RO, Jacobsen SJ, Jacobson DJ, Rhodes T, Girman CJ, Lieber MM . Longitudinal changes in peak urinary flow rates in a community based cohort. J Urol 2000; 163: 107.
Crawford ED, Wilson SS, McConnell JD, Slawin KM, Lieber MC, Smith JA et al. Baseline factors as predictors of clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia in men treated with placebo. J Urol 2006; 175: 1422.
Jacobsen SJ, Girman CJ, Guess HA, Oesterling JE, Lieber MM . New diagnosis and treatment guidelines for benign prostatic hyperplasia: potential impact in the United States. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 477–481.
Hinman F, Cox CE . Residual urine volume in normal male subjects. J Urol 1967; 97: 641–645.
Birch NC, Hurst G, Doyle PT . Serial residual volumes in men with prostatic hypertrophy. BJU 1988; 62: 571.
Bates TS, Sugiono M, James ED, Stott MA, Pocock RD . Is the conservative management of chronic retention in men ever justified? BJU Int 2003; 92: 581.
Kolman C, Girman CJ, Jacobsen SJ, Lieber MM . Distribution of post-void residual urine volume in randomly selected men. J Urol 1999; 161: 122.
Mochtar CA, Kiemeney LA, van Riemsdijk MM, Laguna MP, Debruyne FM, de la Rosette JJ . Post-void residual urine volume is not a good predictor of the need for invasive therapy among patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2006; 175: 213.
Roehrborn CG, Kaplan SA, Lee MW, Slawin KM, McVary KT, Kusek JW et al. Baseline post void residual urine volume as a predictor of urinary outcomes in men with BPH in the MTOPS study. J Urol 2005; 173: 443.
McVary K . Lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction: epidemiology and pathophysiology. BJU Int 2006; 97 (Suppl 2): 23.
McVary K, Camps J, Henry G, Conner S, Tseng L-J, Van den Ende G . Sildenafil improves erectile function and urinary symptoms in men with erectile dysfunction and concomitant lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol 175; 527: 2006.
Kaplan S . Male pelvic health. A urological call to arms. J Urol 2006; 176: 2351–2352.
Kaplan SA, Gonzalez RR, Te AE . Combination of an alpha-1 blocker, alfuzosin and a PDE—5 inhibitor, sildenafil citrate is superior to monotyherapy in treating lower urinary tract symptoms and sexual dysfunction. Eur Urol 2007; 51: 1717–1723.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Scofield, S., Kaplan, S. Voiding dysfunction in men: pathophysiology and risk factors. Int J Impot Res 20 (Suppl 3), S2–S10 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2008.54
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2008.54
This article is cited by
-
Management of Elevated Post-Void Residual Volume
Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports (2023)