Featured
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| Open AccessSystemic acquired resistance networks amplify airborne defense cues
Plants immune responses are triggered upon perception of volatile monoterpenes. Here, Wenig et al. show that a feed-forward loop featuring LEGUME LECTIN-LIKE PROTEIN1 propagates monoterpene-associated cues both within and between plants, illustrating how systemic immunity could act at a population level.
- Marion Wenig
- , Andrea Ghirardo
- & A. Corina Vlot
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Article
| Open AccessTurboID-based proximity labeling reveals that UBR7 is a regulator of N NLR immune receptor-mediated immunity
Plant NLR receptors trigger immune signaling following recognition of pathogen effectors. Here, Zhang et al. optimize a TurboID-based proximity labeling approach and show that it can be used to identify interacting partners of N, an NLR that confers resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus.
- Yongliang Zhang
- , Gaoyuan Song
- & Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
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Article
| Open AccessSite-specific cleavage of bacterial MucD by secreted proteases mediates antibacterial resistance in Arabidopsis
During innate immune responses, plant cells secrete proteases into apoplastic spaces where they contribute to pathogen resistance. Here Wang et al. show that the Arabidopsis SAP1 and SAP2 proteases cleave the bacterial MucD protein to inhibit growth of Pseudomonas syringae.
- Yiming Wang
- , Ruben Garrido-Oter
- & Kenichi Tsuda
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Article
| Open AccessLUX ARRHYTHMO mediates crosstalk between the circadian clock and defense in Arabidopsis
Circadian control of plant defence likely reflects plants’ ability to coordinate development and defense. Here, Zhang et al. show that LUX regulates stomatal defense and SA/JA signaling, leading to broad-spectrum disease resistance, and that JA signaling can, in turn, regulate clock activity.
- Chong Zhang
- , Min Gao
- & Hua Lu
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Article
| Open AccessThe AvrPm3-Pm3 effector-NLR interactions control both race-specific resistance and host-specificity of cereal mildews on wheat
The wheat Pm3 immune receptors confer resistance against powdery mildew by recognizing isolate-specific avirulence (AVR) effectors of the pathogen. Here, the authors identify and characterize two new AVR genes and demonstrate that Pm3 receptors are determinants of host-specificity for grass mildews.
- Salim Bourras
- , Lukas Kunz
- & Beat Keller
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Article
| Open AccessA fungal substrate mimicking molecule suppresses plant immunity via an inter-kingdom conserved motif
Pit2 is a secreted Ustilago maydis effector that contributes to corn smut disease by inhibiting papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) in maize. Here Misas Villamil et al. show that Pit2 mimics PLCP substrates, and is cleaved to release a peptide that blocks PLCP activity and represses host immunity.
- Johana C. Misas Villamil
- , André N. Mueller
- & Gunther Doehlemann
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Article
| Open AccessDual regulation of Arabidopsis AGO2 by arginine methylation
AGO2 is a core component of the RNAi machinery and contributes to plant immunity during bacterial infection. Here the authors show that AGO2 activity is suppressed by arginine methylation which not only promotes AGO2 degradation but also recruits TSN proteins to degrade AGO2-associated small RNAs.
- Po Hu
- , Hongwei Zhao
- & Hailing Jin
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Article
| Open AccessAn EDS1 heterodimer signalling surface enforces timely reprogramming of immunity genes in Arabidopsis
CC and TIR-domain type NLR receptors trigger plant immunity in response to pathogen effectors. Here, Bhandari et al. show that the EP-domain surface of EDS1 heterodimers signals downstream of both receptor types and ensures a rapid transcriptional response in TIR-NLR immunity to bacteria.
- Deepak D. Bhandari
- , Dmitry Lapin
- & Jane E. Parker
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Article
| Open AccessSUMO conjugation to the pattern recognition receptor FLS2 triggers intracellular signalling in plant innate immunity
The plant FLS2 receptor initiates bacterial immunity in response to flagellin. Here the authors show that SUMO conjugates to FLS2 in response to flagellin promoting downstream signalling events while Desi3A, an FLS2 deSUMOylating enzyme, is degraded to enhance immune responses.
- Beatriz Orosa
- , Gary Yates
- & Ari Sadanandom
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Article
| Open AccessA downy mildew effector evades recognition by polymorphism of expression and subcellular localization
Plant pathogens have evolved to evade detection by their hosts. Here, Asai et al. show that virulent isolates of the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis can break resistance conferred by the Arabidopsis RPP4 resistance gene via variation in effector expression or subcellular localization.
- Shuta Asai
- , Oliver J. Furzer
- & Jonathan D. G. Jones
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Article
| Open AccessThe disease resistance protein SNC1 represses the biogenesis of microRNAs and phased siRNAs
A small RNA-based signaling cascade prevents the induction of plant resistance genes (R-genes) in the absence of pathogen challenge. Here Cai et al. show that nuclear accumulation of the R protein SNC1 can activate immunity by suppressing small RNA production and releasing R-gene repression.
- Qiang Cai
- , Chao Liang
- & Xuemei Chen
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Article
| Open AccessDaily humidity oscillation regulates the circadian clock to influence plant physiology
Humidity has been shown to influence many aspects of plant physiology. Here Mwimba et al. show that oscillating humidity entrains the circadian clock under constant light conditions and enhances clock amplitude in simulated natural environments, while also improving immunity and overall growth.
- Musoki Mwimba
- , Sargis Karapetyan
- & Xinnian Dong
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Article
| Open AccessS-nitrosylation of the zinc finger protein SRG1 regulates plant immunity
Upon pathogen infection plants accumulate nitric oxide which subsequently regulates defence gene expression. Here, the authors show that S-nitrosylation of the zinc finger transcription factor SRG1 affects transcriptional suppression and contributes to activation of defence responses.
- Beimi Cui
- , Qiaona Pan
- & Gary J. Loake
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Article
| Open AccessVariation in bradyrhizobial NopP effector determines symbiotic incompatibility with Rj2-soybeans via effector-triggered immunity
The soybean Rj2 gene encodes a TIR-NBS-LRR protein that confers resistance to nodulation by certain rhizobial strains. Here, the authors show that T3SS effector NopP is an avirulence protein that is necessary for Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 122 to trigger Rj2-dependent incompatibility.
- Masayuki Sugawara
- , Satoko Takahashi
- & Kiwamu Minamisawa
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Article
| Open AccessNetwork biology discovers pathogen contact points in host protein-protein interactomes
Nodes with high centrality in protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks are known to be essential in some organisms. Here, the authors in contrast find that in the interactome of A. thaliana central nodes are enriched in conditional and immune phenotypes and are preferred targets of pathogens.
- Hadia Ahmed
- , T. C. Howton
- & M. Shahid Mukhtar
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Article
| Open AccessThe rice blast resistance gene Ptr encodes an atypical protein required for broad-spectrum disease resistance
Genes that confer resistance to plant pathogens such as rice blast disease typically encode NLR-type receptor proteins. Here, Zhao et al. describe a new resistance locus that encodes a non-NLR Armadillo repeat protein required for broad-spectrum resistance in rice.
- Haijun Zhao
- , Xueyan Wang
- & Yinong Yang
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Article
| Open AccessAn effector from the Huanglongbing-associated pathogen targets citrus proteases
Greening disease threatens the productivity of citrus crops worldwide yet the pathosystem is poorly understood. Here, Clark et al. show that an effector cloned from the associated bacteria can suppress host plant papain-like cysteine proteases' activity, suggesting its probable role in pathogenesis.
- Kelley Clark
- , Jessica Yvette Franco
- & Wenbo Ma
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Article
| Open AccessThe Ustilago maydis repetitive effector Rsp3 blocks the antifungal activity of mannose-binding maize proteins
The fungus Ustilago maydis secretes many effector proteins to cause disease in maize. Here, Ma et al. show that the repetitive effector Rsp3 is required for virulence by inhibiting the antifungal activity of two mannose-binding proteins that are secreted by the plant cells.
- Lay-Sun Ma
- , Lei Wang
- & Regine Kahmann
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| Open AccessLeucine-rich repeat receptor-like gene screen reveals that Nicotiana RXEG1 regulates glycoside hydrolase 12 MAMP detection
The role of most plant leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors in innate immunity is unknown. Here, the authors develop virus-based constructs to silence LRR receptor-like genes in the Nicotiana benthamiana genome and identify Response to XEG1 that specifically recognizes the glycoside hydrolase 12 protein XEG1.
- Yan Wang
- , Yuanpeng Xu
- & Yuanchao Wang
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| Open AccessLipopolysaccharide O-antigen delays plant innate immune recognition of Xylella fastidiosa
Many pathogenic bacteria have evolved to subvert host immune responses triggered by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Here the authors show that a long terminal polysaccharide chain, known as the O-antigen, present in LPS from the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa can delay recognition by grapevine hosts.
- Jeannette N. Rapicavoli
- , Barbara Blanco-Ulate
- & M. Caroline Roper
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Article
| Open AccessExtracellular ATP elicits DORN1-mediated RBOHD phosphorylation to regulate stomatal aperture
Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern that triggers signaling responses to wounding and environmental stimuli in plants. Here Chen et al. show that ATP perception by DORN1 can trigger stomatal closure mediated via RBOHD phosphorylation and ROS production.
- Dongqin Chen
- , Yangrong Cao
- & Gary Stacey
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| Open AccessA hydrophobic anchor mechanism defines a deacetylase family that suppresses host response against YopJ effectors
A subset of α/β hydrolases is known to suppress the pathogen-triggered hypersensitive response (HR) in plants, but their mechanism of action remains unclear. The authors present two crystal structures and functional analyses of these enzymes, showing that HR is suppressed by a previously unknown family of deacetylases.
- Marco Bürger
- , Björn C. Willige
- & Joanne Chory
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| Open AccessA 1-phytase type III effector interferes with plant hormone signaling
Plant pathogens translocate type III effector (T3E) proteins that may be recognized by plants to trigger immunity. Here, the authors show that the Xanthomonas T3E XopH possesses a novel 1-phytase activity that is required for XopH-mediated immunity of plants carrying the Bs7 resistance gene.
- Doreen Blüher
- , Debabrata Laha
- & Ulla Bonas
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| Open AccessAn oomycete plant pathogen reprograms host pre-mRNA splicing to subvert immunity
Various effectors of plant pathogens modulate host cell biology. Here, Huang et al. show PsAvr3c, an avirulence effector from oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora sojae, can reprogram host pre-mRNA splicing for immune modulation.
- Jie Huang
- , Lianfeng Gu
- & Suomeng Dong
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Article
| Open AccessDual impact of elevated temperature on plant defence and bacterial virulence in Arabidopsis
Temperature is known to influence plant disease development. Here Huot et al. show that elevated temperature can enhance Pseudomonas syringae effector delivery into plant cells and suppress SA biosynthesis while also finding a temperature-sensitive branch of the SA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis.
- Bethany Huot
- , Christian Danve M. Castroverde
- & Sheng Yang He
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Article
| Open AccessTAL effector driven induction of a SWEET gene confers susceptibility to bacterial blight of cotton
Transcription activator-like effectors contribute to virulence of theXanthomonas strain responsible for bacterial blight in cotton. Here Cox et al. show that the XanthomonasAvrb6 effector induces expression of the cotton SWEET10 sugar transporter and that this induction promotes disease.
- Kevin L. Cox
- , Fanhong Meng
- & Libo Shan
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Article
| Open AccessJasmonate response decay and defense metabolite accumulation contributes to age-regulated dynamics of plant insect resistance
Immunity deteriorates with age in animals but less is known about how aging affects immunity in plants. Here, Maoet al. show that responsiveness to the major insect defense hormone JA declines as plants age, but insect resistance still increases as plants accumulate secondary metabolites such as glucosinolates.
- Ying-Bo Mao
- , Yao-Qian Liu
- & Xiao-Ya Chen
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| Open AccessThe fungal-specific β-glucan-binding lectin FGB1 alters cell-wall composition and suppresses glucan-triggered immunity in plants
β-glucans derived from fungal cell walls can trigger immune responses in animals, yet their roles in plant-fungal interactions are less well known. Here, Wawraet al. show that the FGB1 proteins, secreted by the fungal endophyte P. indica, can alter fungal cell wall composition and suppress immune responses in plants.
- Stephan Wawra
- , Philipp Fesel
- & Alga Zuccaro
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| Open AccessSalicylic acid receptors activate jasmonic acid signalling through a non-canonical pathway to promote effector-triggered immunity
Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) often act antagonistically in plant defence. Here, Liu et al. show that during effector-triggered immunity (ETI) against Pseudomonas syringae, JA signalling is activated via a non-canonical pathway involving the SA receptors, NPR3 and NPR4, to positively regulate ETI.
- Lijing Liu
- , Fathi-Mohamed Sonbol
- & Xinnian Dong
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Article
| Open AccessStructural characterization of antibiotic self-immunity tRNA synthetase in plant tumour biocontrol agent
The bacterium Agrobacterium radiobacter K84 secretes an antibiotic that is transported into the plant pathogen A. tumefaciensand processed into the toxin TM84. Here, the authors identify a mechanism whereby the antibiotic-producing microbe resists its own toxin.
- Shaileja Chopra
- , Andrés Palencia
- & John Reader
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| Open AccessA Phytophthora sojae effector suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated immunity by stabilizing plant Binding immunoglobulin Proteins
Phytophthora pathogens manipulate host plant immune responses by secreting effector proteins into plant cells. Here, Jing et al. show that the Phytophthora sojaeAvh262 effector negatively regulates plant resistance by binding to host BiP proteins and suppressing ER-stress induced cell death
- Maofeng Jing
- , Baodian Guo
- & Yuanchao Wang
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Article
| Open AccessmiRNA863-3p sequentially targets negative immune regulator ARLPKs and positive regulator SERRATE upon bacterial infection
Small RNA plays an important role in regulating the plant defence against bacterial pathogens. Here the authors propose that miR863-3p acts to fine-tune the timing of defence responses by sequentially silencing negative and positive regulators of the plant immune response.
- Dongdong Niu
- , Yifan E. Lii
- & Hailing Jin
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| Open AccessChIP-seq reveals broad roles of SARD1 and CBP60g in regulating plant immunity
SARD1 and CBP60g are two plant transcription factors that regulate salicylic acid biosynthesis in response to pathogens. Here, Sun et al.show that they bind a wide array of loci related to multiple defence signalling pathways suggesting a broader role as regulators of the plant immune response.
- Tongjun Sun
- , Yaxi Zhang
- & Yuelin Zhang
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Article
| Open AccessConserved nematode signalling molecules elicit plant defenses and pathogen resistance
Plants are able to induce defense responses following recognition of certain pathogen derived molecules at the cell surface. Here, Manosalvaet al. show that plants respond to ascarosides, a conserved class of nematode pheromones, providing the first example of plant recognition of an animal-derived signalling molecule.
- Patricia Manosalva
- , Murli Manohar
- & Daniel F. Klessig
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Arabidopsis AZI1 family proteins mediate signal mobilization for systemic defence priming
Azelaic acid (AZA) is a mobile signal that is thought to induce defence responses in plants in tissues distal from the initial infection site. Here, Cecchiniet al. propose that AZI1, a plastid-targeted lipid transfer protein that is necessary for the movement and priming functions of AZA.
- Nicolás M. Cecchini
- , Kevin Steffes
- & Jean T. Greenberg
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Article
| Open AccessSalicylic acid biosynthesis is enhanced and contributes to increased biotrophic pathogen resistance in Arabidopsis hybrids
The molecular basis for heterosis, the phenomenon whereby hybrid plants show phenotypic superiority to their parents, remains poorly understood. Here, Yanget al. show that salicylic acid biosynthesis is enhanced in hybrids of Arabidopsis thalianaand correlates with heterosis for pathogen defence.
- Li Yang
- , Bosheng Li
- & Xing Wang Deng
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Article
| Open AccessCapping protein integrates multiple MAMP signalling pathways to modulate actin dynamics during plant innate immunity
Cytoskeletal remodelling is an important component of the innate immune response in plants. Here, Li et al. demonstrate that pathogen-triggered actin remodelling is due to the inhibition of capping protein (CP), and show that CP is required for resistance against plant pathogens.
- Jiejie Li
- , Jessica L. Henty-Ridilla
- & Christopher J. Staiger
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Article |
Two linked pairs of Arabidopsis TNL resistance genes independently confer recognition of bacterial effector AvrRps4
Plant immunity requires recognition of pathogen effector proteins by specific intracellular immune receptors. Here, Saucet et al. identify an additional pair of Arabidopsis receptors that act together to trigger defence responses upon recognition of the AvrRps4 effector from the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae.
- Simon B. Saucet
- , Yan Ma
- & Jonathan D.G. Jones
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Endopolyploidization and flowering time are antagonistically regulated by checkpoint component MAD1 and immunity modulator MOS1
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) complex is involved in mitotic quality control in yeast and animals. Here Bao et al. demonstrate that in plants, the SAC complex component MAD1 acts antagonistically to the immune regulator MOS1 to influence endopolyploidization and flowering time.
- Zhilong Bao
- , Ning Zhang
- & Jian Hua
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Article |
Bacterial effector modulation of host E3 ligase activity suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity in rice
The mechanisms by which pathogen effector proteins target host defence responses remain poorly understood. Here, Ishikawa et al. show that XopPXoo, a rice pathogen effector, suppresses host plant immunity by inhibiting the activity of an E3 ubiquitin ligase.
- Kazuya Ishikawa
- , Koji Yamaguchi
- & Tsutomu Kawasaki
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Article
| Open AccessLong-distance endosome trafficking drives fungal effector production during plant infection
It is unclear how the nuclei of very long fungal cells (hyphae) receive information from the hyphal tips during the invasion of plant tissues. Here, the authors show that retrograde movement of early endosomes, from the hyphal tip to the nucleus, is required for this signalling process.
- Ewa Bielska
- , Yujiro Higuchi
- & Gero Steinberg
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Article
| Open AccessSTV11 encodes a sulphotransferase and confers durable resistance to rice stripe virus
Rice stripe virus (RSV) causes a disease in rice with significant economic consequences. Here, the authors clone an RSV-resistant gene in rice and suggest that this gene encodes a sulphotransferase that catalyses the conversion of salicylic acid (SA) into sulphonated salicylic acid, leading to increased SA accumulation in RSV-infected plants and inhibition of viral replication.
- Qi Wang
- , Yuqiang Liu
- & Jianmin Wan
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Article
| Open AccessUnconventionally secreted effectors of two filamentous pathogens target plant salicylate biosynthesis
Salicylate is a regulator of innate immunity to infection in plants. Here, Liu et al.show that two plant pathogens secrete enzymes that disrupt salicylate biosynthesis and plant immunity, and reveal that these effectors are secreted via an unconventional mechanism.
- Tingli Liu
- , Tianqiao Song
- & Daolong Dou
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| Open AccessGermination and infectivity of microconidia in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae produces large and small spores, and the role played by the small spores (microconidia) in plant infection is unknown. Here, Zhang et al.show that the microconidia can cause disease by infecting plants through wounds or flowering heads.
- Huili Zhang
- , Zhongshou Wu
- & Jin-Rong Xu
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Mitochondrial AtPAM16 is required for plant survival and the negative regulation of plant immunity
Nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat domain proteins (NLRs) serve as immune receptors in plants and animals. Huang et al.identify a mitochondrial inner membrane protein AtPAM16 in Arabidopsis, which contributes to negative regulation of NLR-mediated immunity.
- Yan Huang
- , Xuejin Chen
- & Xin Li
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Wheat Mds-1 encodes a heat-shock protein and governs susceptibility towards the Hessian fly gall midge
Hessian flies are wheat parasites that seize control of the metabolic pathways of their hosts. Liu et al. identify the wheat gene, which encodes a small heat-shock protein, as a major susceptibility gene for infestation by the Hessian fly.
- Xuming Liu
- , Chitvan Khajuria
- & Ming-Shun Chen
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Article
| Open AccessTwo distinct secretion systems facilitate tissue invasion by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Understanding how fungal pathogens deliver proteins to diverse plant compartments is critical for developing disease control. Giraldo et al. demonstrate that the blast fungus possesses distinct secretion systems for proteins targeted to compartments inside or outside living rice cells.
- Martha C. Giraldo
- , Yasin F. Dagdas
- & Barbara Valent
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Arabidopsis ubiquitin ligase MIEL1 mediates degradation of the transcription factor MYB30 weakening plant defence
In plants, the regulatory mechanisms that control disease resistance responses remain poorly understood. Marino et al. show that the Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligase MIEL1 interacts with and ubiquitinates the MYB transcription factor (TF), MYB30, leading to proteasomal degradation of MYB30 and attenuation of plant defence.
- Daniel Marino
- , Solène Froidure
- & Susana Rivas
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Article
| Open AccessTransgenerational gene silencing causes gain of virulence in a plant pathogen
Plant pathogens encode effector proteins that trigger immunity in plants carrying appropriate resistance genes. Here Qutob et al. show non-Mendelian interactions between naturally occurring Phytophthora sojaealleles that result in transgenerational gene silencing and gain of virulence in soybean plants.
- Dinah Qutob
- , B. Patrick Chapman
- & Mark Gijzen