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The identification of pathogenic targets in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis means that effective therapies are increasingly likely. In this Review, Kiernan et al. discuss advances towards therapy and the innovations needed in clinical trials to facilitate the translation into treatments for patients.
In this Review, Wolf et al. provide an overview of the hypomyelinating leukodystrophies and discuss how identification of the genes involved in these disorders have provided insight into the clinical presentations of these disorders and into myelin biology.
In this Review, the authors discuss recent progress in the detection and prediction of recovery of consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness caused by severe brain injuries. They describe the ongoing development of pharmacological and electrophysiological therapies designed to enhance recovery.
Accumulating evidence indicates important roles for microglial activation and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease (AD). Here, Leng and Edison describe the interplay between microglial activation and AD-related pathologies and discuss how microglial priming and activation might influence the trajectory of AD.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical procedure that allows targeted circuit-based neuromodulation and has become a standard of care in a range of movement disorders. This Review discusses the evolution and current status of DBS technology and anticipates future advances.
In this Review, Cortese et al. provide an overview of the pathobiology and evolving presentations of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other diseases caused by JC virus, and discuss emerging immunotherapeutic approaches that could increase survival.
In this Review, the authors discuss how technological advances are enabling clinical genetic testing for various dementia disorders. Additionally, they consider which types of test are appropriate for which patients and address the ethical issues that can be raised by genetic testing in these disorders.
Current medications used for pain management can have dose-limiting adverse effects. In this Review, Waxman et al. discuss compounds designed to target peripheral sodium channels for pain relief and highlight the challenges and future potential of this therapeutic strategy.
Focused ultrasound (FUS) offers the ability to non-invasively and precisely intervene in key circuits that underlie common and challenging brain disorders. This Review provides a comprehensive update of FUS applications in the brain, including thermoablation, blood–brain barrier opening and neuromodulation.
The anti-seizure medications used to treat patients with epilepsy can improve symptoms but do not address the underlying cause of the condition. In this Review, the authors discuss the ongoing shift towards personalized treatments for specific epilepsy aetiologies.
In this Review, the authors discuss how new therapies are changing the field of spinal muscular atrophy. They consider the effects of treatment at different stages of the disease, what treatment effects tell us about the disease and the challenges facing the field in the treatment era.
In this Review, Dalakas et al. discuss the complement system, the role it plays in autoimmune neurological disease and neurodegenerative disease, and provide an overview of the latest therapeutics that target complement and that can be used for or have potential in neurological disorders.
Drug repositioning and repurposing can enhance traditional drug development efforts and could accelerate the identification of new treatments. In this Review, Ballard and colleagues highlight priority compounds for repurposing for the treatment of Alzheimer disease.
This Review outlines the advances of molecular treatment of brain metastases from non-small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer and melanoma. Substantial improvements in survival have been achieved in patients with molecular subgroups whose alterations can be targeted with specific molecular compounds.
Imaging-based assessment is becoming increasingly important in the management of acute stroke, but processing and interpretation of images in clinical practice is challenging. In this Review, Parsons and colleagues explore the potential of artificial intelligence to provide treatment decision support.
In this Review, Tabrizi et al. discuss new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of Huntington disease and outline potential therapeutic strategies, which could include the modulation of DNA repair processes.
A distinct set of CNS diseases are caused by autoantibodies to neuroglial surface proteins, and immunotherapy has limited ability to control these conditions in the long term. In this Review, the authors discuss in detail the B cell biology that underlies these diseases and consider the therapeutic implications.
In this Review, the authors describe the latest developments in the use of machine learning to interrogate neurodegenerative disease-related datasets. They discuss applications of machine learning to diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic development, and the challenges involved in analysing health-care data.
This Review discusses the advantages and pitfalls of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in patients with encephalitis, meningitis and myelitis. The authors outline data on mNGS test performance, cost and turnaround time and highlight future directions for mNGS technology.
Nodes of Ranvier are unmyelinated domains that enable fast saltatory propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons. This Review describes the organization and function of CNS nodes of Ranvier and considers how these nodes change in demyelinating and remyelinating disorders.
