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The identification of biomarkers of transplantation tolerance holds promise to improve the care of transplant recipients and advance our understanding of alloreactive immune responses. What progress has been made towards reaching this goal and what challenges remain?
The devastating impact of smoking on health is well known. Here the authors warn of the complex and multiple adverse effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system, which increase susceptibility to respiratory infections, lung pathologies and cancer.
In the light of the introduction of conjugate vaccines againstHaemophilus influenzaetype B and group C meningococcal and pneumococcal diseases over the past two decades, this Science & Society article discusses the ways in which long-term protection against these encapsulated bacteria might best be maintained at a population level.
As a result of advances in medicine, public-health policies and socioeconomic development, we are living longer than ever before. Here, the authors describe how ageing affects immune function and discuss the potential of different therapies to slow or reverse this process in the elderly population.
