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Cytoskeleton in differentiating neuroblastoma cells. Image courtesy of Torsten Wittmann, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco.
A Xenopus embryo coinjected with a plasmid encoding a transgene and the φC31 integrase mRNA readily facilitates genomic integration resulting in healthy transgenic embryos.
The pathogenic arsenal of many bacteria includes an apparatus that mediates the injection of a cocktail of virulence proteins directly into host cells. Spatiotemporal aspects of this process can now be analyzed in living cells.
Fluorescence microscopy has undergone a renaissance in the last decade. The introduction of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and two-photon microscopy has allowed systematic imaging studies of protein localization in living cells and of the structure and function of living tissues. The impact of these and other new imaging methods in biophysics, neuroscience, and developmental and cell biology has been remarkable. Further advances in fluorophore design, molecular biological tools and nonlinear and hyper-resolution microscopies are poised to profoundly transform many fields of biological research.
Human genotyping has never been hotter, and a sophisticated set of array-based tools now simplifies the process dramatically, facilitating everything from small basic research studies to complex genetic epidemiology. Alan Dove reports.
Northern blotting and hybridization are used to study gene expression by detecting RNA species of interest, and to identify alternate RNA splicing patterns. It is analogous to Southern blotting, which is used to analyze DNA. This protocol describes the transfer of RNA from agarose gels to nylon membranes and the fixation of the RNA to the membrane1,2,3.