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Skin Langerhans cells provide a first line of protection against pathogens. Merad and colleagues (p 265; News and Views by Palucka and Banchereau, p 223) identify Langerhans cell precursors as Gr-1hi monocytes (red) that migrate into epidermis (blue) and express langerin (green) as they differentiate into Langerhans cells. The image shows a large area of skin surveilled by developing Langerhans cells (red, green). Immunofluorescence by Milena Bogunovic. Art work by Lewis Long.
The second Aegean conference on 'Autoimmunity: Mechanisms and Novel Treatments' in September, 2005, discussed topics ranging from animal models of autoimmunity to lymphocyte interactions, as well as molecular influences of disease.
Precursors of specialized skin dendritic cells called Langerhans cells are derived from specific bone marrow–derived monocyte precursors that migrate to the skin and differentiate into these important immune surveillance cells.
Functional and phenotypic distinctions characterize B-1 cells versus B-2 cells. The identification of adult bone marrow cells that give rise exclusively to B-1 B cells support earlier ideas regarding the existence of dedicated B-1 progenitors.
It is unclear whether T cell exhaustion is reversible. A recent Nature paper shows that in vivo blockade of the inhibitory molecule PD-1 can restore the function of exhausted CD8+ T cells during chronic viral infection.
Lentiviral Nef protein has many functions in the evasion of host immune defenses. Another 'chink' in the host immune 'armor' has now been exposed by Nef's ability to inhibit immunoglobulin class switching.
The chemokine receptor CCR2 was believed to 'summon' infiltrating CCR2+ monocytes into the spleen. Instead, CCR2 seems to be important for 'release' of these cells from bone marrow niches.