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Natural killer cell (blue) contacting a Raji cell (red). Djeu and collegues (page 419) deciphered a PI3 kinase pathway that leads to ERK activation and perforin (green) mobilization in NK cells after they interact with their targets. (see also the News and Views by Perussia, page 372.) Painting by Christopher Cassidy in oil and acrylic on paper (27 x 27 cm).
Translating mouse models into clinical therapies has never been easy. Immunotherapies for cancer also have to contend with an approval process designed for testing drugs. It may be necessary to consider different endpoints and objectives when evaluating the efficacy of these newer approaches.
In a new twist, the cytokine IL-10, if present when leukocytes are activated, can disconnect chemokine receptors from signaling for cell migration. The receptors act as a “sink” for soaking up chemokines, thus providing the perfect decoy.
B cell maturation is affected by factors found in the microenvironment of the bone marrow. A new tachykinin neuropeptide family member, HK-1, and TSLP both seem to aid the pre-B cell stage.
Once natural killer cells identify their targets they engage their lysis machinery. Spontaneous, unlike antibody-dependent, cytotoxicity predominantly uses a Ras-independent pathway to accomplish this activation.
Lymphocyte memory—is there a requirement for the continual presence of antigen or not? In a recent issue of Nature an elegant series of genetic manipulations from Maruyama et al. makes a strong case for the persistence of B cell memory in the absence of antigen.