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van Ede et al. show that both sensory qualities and motor responses associated with information held in mind are accessed simultaneously to guide behavior. The findings help bridge the fields of visual working memory and action planning.
The authors conducted a genetic meta-analysis of depression and found 269 associated genes. These genes highlight several potential drug repositioning opportunities, and relationships with depression were found for neuroticism and smoking.
Besnard et al. uncover functional heterogeneity of somatostatin interneurons (SST-INs) in the dorsolateral septum and reveal a role for a subpopulation of SST-INs as hippocampal relays that govern mobility to calibrate adaptive fear responses.
Postmortem studies indicate reduced synaptic density in schizophrenia. Sellgren et al. show increased synaptic pruning in patient-derived cell models and provide evidence that C4 risk variants increase engulfment, while minocycline decreases it.
Schork et al. identify novel variants contributing to shared risk among psychiatric disorders and suggest that these variants act through the disruption of early neurodevelopment.
Neuronal responses in a higher-order auditory cortical area reveal striking attention-driven effects, long-term learning, and stimulus–action coupling, indicating a dynamic intermediate stage between sensory and frontal cortex representations.
DeNardo et al. characterize TRAP2, which allows genetic access to neurons based on their activity, and use it to show that neuronal ensembles in prelimbic cortex for remote fear memory undergo dynamic changes during the first 14 days after learning.
PTSD symptom severity in combat veterans was associated with enhanced sensitivity to prediction errors and lower neural tracking of value and learning rate, providing evidence for neurocomputational contributions to trauma-related psychopathology.
Shao et al. report that interneurons derived from iPSCs from schizophrenia patients have altered protocadherin expression and synaptic and arborization deficits. A PKC inhibitor, acting downstream of protocadherin, reversed the arborization deficit.
Zhou et al. show that NCORs regulate memory and synaptic plasticity through a GABAergic hypothalamus–hippocampus projection in mice, and that variants in NCOR1 and NCOR2 are linked to intellectual disability and neurodevelopmental defects in humans.
Blood vessels help macrophage entry. Zhou et al. show that activated microvessels serve as critical portals for macrophage entry to boost inflammation after spinal cord injury.
Two qualitatively different neural mechanisms for maintaining information in short-term memory, experimentally observed in animal studies, emerge as part of a spectrum of solutions in recurrent neural networks trained on short-term memory tasks.
Neuronal activity across task states converges onto a low-dimensional manifold. Flow within this attractor space covaries with network-level topology, fluid intelligence, and regional differences in the density of neuromodulatory receptors.
Klim et al. illuminate pathomechanisms of ALS using pluripotent stem cells to identify transcripts altered in human motor neurons by perturbations to ALS protein TDP-43, finding the microtubule regulator STMN2 highly sensitive to TDP-43 malfunctions.
The authors describe a local population of GABAergic neurons that directly inhibits locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons. They show how this circuit regulates arousal gain and tone.
In the lateral entorhinal cortex, high-precision judgments related to timing were associated with greater blood-oxygen-level-dependent fMRI activity than low-precision time judgments. This brain region may be involved in memory for when events occur.
Concurrently recording neural spiking across cortical layers in a medial frontal area with EEG reveals the microcircuitry of error and reward signals, showing how neural circuits can realize executive control and produce error-related negativity.
Prefrontal cortex can be flexibly engaged in many different tasks. Yang et al. trained an artificial neural network to solve 20 cognitive tasks. Functionally specialized modules and compositional representations emerged in the network after training.
The mRNA encoding stathmin-2, a protein implicated in axonal growth, is shown to be widely suppressed by premature polyadenylation in both sporadic and C9orf72 ALS through a mechanism directly dependent on loss of nuclear TDP-43 in motor neurons.
Lieder et al show that individuals with dyslexia and individuals with ASD rely mostly on recent and earlier perceptual information, respectively, during perceptual tasks. This may explain the unique difficulties associated with the two conditions.