2021 Research Leaders: Leading academic institutions

The 2021 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2020.

Table criteria

# Institution Share 2019 Share 2020 Count 2020 Change in Adjusted Share* 2019–2020
1 Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje (UKIM), Macedonia 0.59 0.66 8 7.1% Increase
1 Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (LMU), Germany 184.12 163.04 648 -14.6% Decrease
1 Harvard University, United States of America (USA) 924.00 924.57 2643 -3.5% Decrease
1 University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa 15.87 19.28 169 17.1% Increase
1 University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 0.03 0.20 2 503.1% Increase
1 Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé (UJLOG), Ivory Coast 0.00 0.09 2 0.0% Increase
1 Nazarbayev University (NU), Kazakhstan 1.85 5.03 18 162.5% Increase
1 University of Liberia, Liberia 0.00 0.01 2 0.0% Increase
1 Institute of Higher Educational Sciences of Huíla (ISCED-Huíla), Angola 0.00 0.03 1 0.0% Increase
1 University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa 15.87 19.28 169 17.1% Increase
1 University of Malta, Malta 2.02 1.57 7 -25.2% Decrease
1 Vilnius University (VU), Lithuania 8.54 6.76 85 -23.7% Decrease
1 University of Antananarivo, Madagascar 0.34 0.56 4 58.1% Increase
1 Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Senegal 0.42 0.36 8 -17.1% Decrease
1 Universidad Nacional de Asuncion (UNA), Paraguay 0.13 0.17 3 22.1% Increase
1 Harvard University, United States of America (USA) 924.00 924.57 2643 -3.5% Decrease
1 Kyrgyz State Medical Academy (KSMA), Kyrgyzstan 0.00 0.00 3 3.5% Increase
1 University of Brunei Darussalam (UBD), Brunei 0.48 0.12 2 -75.3% Decrease
1 University of Oslo (UiO), Norway 77.55 75.30 352 -6.4% Decrease
1 University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Congo 0.40 0.28 3 -33.4% Decrease
1 University of San Carlos of Guatemala (USAC), Guatemala 0.51 0.49 3 -6.2% Decrease
1 University of Zambia, Zambia 0.28 0.29 4 -0.8% Decrease
1 University of Toronto (U of T), Canada 309.66 337.20 885 5.0% Increase
1 University of the Philippines Diliman (UPD), Philippines 0.72 2.46 10 231.5% Increase
1 Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium 108.96 112.35 401 -0.6% Decrease
1 National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 255.38 300.51 844 13.5% Increase
1 University of Cyprus, Cyprus 3.69 3.23 73 -15.5% Decrease
1 Phenikaa University, Vietnam 1.48 6.76 10 339.5% Increase
1 University of Botswana (UB), Botswana 0.06 0.19 3 214.1% Increase
1 Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar 1.47 2.60 22 70.3% Increase
1 University of Panama, Panama 0.14 0.14 3 1.5% Increase
1 University of Mauritius (UOM), Mauritius 0.20 0.04 1 -82.5% Decrease
1 British University in Egypt (BUE), Egypt 1.03 2.39 25 124.1% Increase
1 Khalifa University of Science and Technology, United Arab Emirates 2.59 5.99 20 123.2% Increase
1 The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Japan 431.40 461.12 1310 3.1% Increase
1 Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Bangladesh 0.06 1.45 6 2,142.1% Increase
1 University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Benin 1.10 0.53 3 -53.6% Decrease
1 Koç University (KU), Turkey 3.44 8.93 35 149.9% Increase
1 University of Nizwa, Oman 3.28 3.04 5 -10.7% Decrease
1 University of Malawi, Malawi 0.70 0.70 6 -4.6% Decrease
1 National University of Mongolia (NUM), Mongolia 0.13 0.13 2 -5.3% Decrease
1 Yachay Tech University, Ecuador 3.38 2.04 8 -41.7% Decrease
1 The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Japan 431.40 461.12 1310 3.1% Increase
1 COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan 3.19 3.26 48 -1.5% Decrease
1 Baku State University, Azerbaijan 0.67 0.04 2 -93.6% Decrease
1 University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.00 0.11 1 0.0% Increase
1 East Yangon University, Myanmar 0.00 0.17 1 0.0% Increase
1 Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (TSU), Georgia 1.44 1.21 102 -19.2% Decrease
1 Redeemer's University Nigeria (RUN), Nigeria 0.05 0.32 3 488.7% Increase
1 Tribhuvan University (TU), Nepal 1.34 0.69 8 -50.2% Decrease
1 University of Carthage (UCAR), Tunisia 0.65 1.28 3 91.1% Increase
1 American University of Beirut (AUB), Lebanon 5.01 3.15 13 -39.4% Decrease
1 The University of the South Pacific (USP), Fiji 0.68 0.10 2 -85.1% Decrease
1 Polytechnic University of Tirana (UPT), Albania 0.02 0.30 1 1,259.5% Increase
1 National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (UOA), Greece 15.90 14.51 171 -12.0% Decrease
1 University of the Bahamas (UB), Bahamas 0.22 0.12 2 -48.2% Decrease
1 Parahyangan Catholic University (UNPAR), Indonesia 0.33 2.33 3 574.9% Increase
1 Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Iran 6.46 7.70 15 14.9% Increase
1 University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg 13.10 13.09 47 -3.7% Decrease
1 The University of Queensland (UQ), Australia 116.62 161.24 525 33.3% Increase
1 Eastern University, Sri Lanka (EUSL), Sri Lanka 1.00 1.33 6 28.6% Increase
1 Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Thailand 8.76 12.16 25 33.9% Increase
1 University of Guyana, Guyana 0.05 0.00 1 -95.4% Decrease
1 University of La Réunion, Reunion 0.56 0.54 18 -7.0% Decrease
1 Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM), Mozambique 0.00 0.15 2 17,157.6% Increase
1 University of Zagreb, Croatia 5.20 6.53 62 21.1% Increase
1 University of Padova (UNIPD), Italy 46.18 46.65 353 -2.6% Decrease
1 University of Yaounde I (UYI), Cameroon 0.77 1.27 8 58.7% Increase
1 Seoul National University (SNU), South Korea 168.33 198.82 552 13.9% Increase
1 State University of Haiti (UEH), Haiti 0.00 0.29 2 0.0% Increase
1 Makerere University, Uganda 0.59 1.19 14 93.2% Increase
1 Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Venezuela 0.69 2.34 12 229.7% Increase
1 Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Bulgaria 5.20 5.26 72 -2.5% Decrease
1 Sorbonne University, France 111.18 104.87 1113 -9.1% Decrease
1 Abdou Moumouni University (UAM), Niger 0.06 0.21 2 221.4% Increase
1 University of Ghana, Ghana 1.11 1.03 11 -10.5% Decrease
1 University of Oxford, United Kingdom (UK) 456.34 459.99 1441 -2.8% Decrease
1 Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry (UGANC), Guinea 0.00 0.06 2 0.0% Increase
1 University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 20.27 20.78 134 -1.1% Decrease
1 University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), China 455.78 449.18 1208 -5.0% Decrease
1 University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil 51.25 56.51 293 6.3% Increase
1 University of Tartu (UT), Estonia 12.96 16.15 89 20.2% Increase
1 University of Greenland, Greenland 0.10 0.16 3 50.1% Increase
1 University of Oxford, United Kingdom (UK) 456.34 459.99 1441 -2.8% Decrease
1 Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine 4.00 3.41 25 -17.7% Decrease
1 University of Karbala (UOK), Iraq 0.00 0.28 3 0.0% Increase
1 University of Batna, Algeria 0.00 1.03 2 0.0% Increase
1 West University of Timișoara (UVT), Romania 4.03 3.02 45 -27.6% Decrease
1 Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis (IOS), Latvia 2.59 1.05 2 -60.9% Decrease
1 University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil 51.25 56.51 293 6.3% Increase
1 University of Valle, Colombia 2.38 3.29 9 33.3% Increase
1 St. George's University (SGU), Grenada 0.47 0.12 2 -74.8% Decrease
1 Charles University (CU), Czech Republic 35.26 42.85 300 17.2% Increase
1 Njala University, Sierra Leone 0.04 0.32 1 702.2% Increase
1 University of Montenegro (UCG), Montenegro 0.01 0.03 49 187.7% Increase
1 The University of Jordan, Jordan 0.20 0.38 2 82.6% Increase
1 Indian Institute of Science (IISc), India 84.82 76.59 192 -12.9% Decrease
1 University of Khartoum, Sudan 0.06 0.15 3 149.0% Increase
1 The University of Dublin, Ireland 41.90 49.17 174 13.1% Increase
1 University of the West Indies (UWI), International 0.77 0.37 6 -53.8% Decrease
1 University Hassan II Casablanca (UHII), Morocco 1.05 1.15 47 5.8% Increase
1 Weizmann Institute of Science (WIS), Israel 153.37 174.21 430 9.5% Increase
1 Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University (UAGRM), Bolivia 0.13 0.15 3 5.2% Increase
1 University of Barcelona (UB), Spain 68.37 77.66 416 9.5% Increase
1 University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 0.07 0.90 6 1,166.2% Increase
1 University of Vienna, Austria 86.40 76.22 303 -14.9% Decrease
1 University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina 15.80 23.07 139 40.8% Increase
1 Comenius University in Bratislava (UK), Slovakia 4.25 6.22 98 41.1% Increase
1 Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Hungary 6.14 13.28 47 108.4% Increase
1 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia 106.82 114.99 267 3.8% Increase
1 University of the West Indies (UWI), International 0.77 0.37 6 -53.8% Decrease
1 Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein (UFL), Liechtenstein 0.00 0.00 1 0.0% Increase
1 Kim Il-sung University, North Korea 4.20 1.00 1 -77.0% Decrease
1 Bethlehem University, Palestinian territories 0.01 0.51 1 5,798.3% Increase
1 Uppsala University (UU), Sweden 93.13 117.05 493 21.2% Increase
1 Weizmann Institute of Science (WIS), Israel 153.37 174.21 430 9.5% Increase
1 University of Science and Technology, Yemen (USTY), Yemen 0.00 0.00 1 25.4% Increase
1 Cayetano Heredia University (UPCH), Peru 0.96 2.41 10 140.9% Increase
1 University of Rwanda, Rwanda 0.19 0.27 3 40.7% Increase
1 University of Science, Technique and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali 0.43 0.25 3 -44.5% Decrease
1 Arabian Gulf University (AGU), Bahrain 0.03 0.00 1 -96.9% Decrease
1 National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico 47.24 47.99 205 -2.1% Decrease
1 University of Costa Rica (UCR), Costa Rica 1.67 2.34 16 34.9% Increase
1 University of Helsinki, Finland 64.78 64.71 406 -3.7% Decrease
1 American University of the Middle East (AUM), Kuwait 0.03 1.00 2 2,985.3% Increase
1 Utrecht University (UU), Netherlands 124.27 131.50 634 2.0% Increase
1 National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Honduras 0.06 0.13 13 98.4% Increase
1 Papua New Guinea University of Technology (Unitech), Papua New Guinea 0.00 0.01 1 0.0% Increase
1 University of French Polynesia (UPF), French Polynesia 0.10 0.24 8 130.5% Increase
1 University of Malaya (UM), Malaysia 2.01 1.45 78 -30.5% Decrease
1 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Switzerland 403.35 379.03 1058 -9.4% Decrease
1 Belarusian State University (BSU), Belarus 2.88 1.67 104 -44.3% Decrease
1 The University of Auckland, New Zealand 29.12 31.76 189 5.2% Increase
1 University of Tripoli (UT), Libya 0.00 0.03 1 664.9% Increase
1 University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Portugal 41.02 42.15 240 -0.9% Decrease
1 University of Havana (UH), Cuba 2.81 2.17 10 -25.6% Decrease
1 Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Gabon 0.00 0.85 3 0.0% Increase
1 University of Warsaw (UW), Poland 43.00 39.94 202 -10.4% Decrease
1 University of Iceland, Iceland 15.84 21.21 87 29.1% Increase
1 Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Russia 43.74 48.06 337 5.9% Increase
1 Yerevan State University (YSU), Armenia 4.65 6.82 122 41.3% Increase
1 Midlands State University, Zimbabwe 0.00 0.71 2 0.0% Increase
1 Autonomous University of Santo Domingo (UASD), Dominican Republic 0.00 0.09 3 10,004.3% Increase
1 University of Belgrade, Serbia 9.71 5.46 127 -45.7% Decrease
1 University of the Republic (UDELAR), Uruguay 6.77 7.54 21 7.3% Increase
1 Addis Ababa University (AAU), Ethiopia 1.70 1.30 11 -26.5% Decrease
1 University of Nairobi, Kenya 1.04 0.39 7 -63.5% Decrease
1 University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Denmark 151.43 158.63 664 1.0% Increase
1 National University of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan 0.33 0.81 4 133.3% Increase
1 Harvard University, United States of America (USA) 924.00 924.57 2643 -3.5% Decrease
1 Arc-en-Ciel International School, Togo 0.00 0.06 1 0.0% Increase
1 University of Chile, Chile 16.55 14.48 147 -15.7% Decrease
1 University of Namibia (UNAM), Namibia 0.19 0.71 6 266.0% Increase
1 National Taiwan University (NTU), Taiwan 72.65 99.21 366 31.7% Increase
2 Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (PUC), Chile 9.28 12.86 184 33.6% Increase
2 University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), China 455.78 449.18 1208 -5.0% Decrease
2 Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Tanzania 0.07 0.01 3 -83.0% Decrease
2 University of Paris-Saclay, France 92.63 88.40 787 -8.0% Decrease
2 Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy (BKNUC), Ukraine 0.33 1.60 3 368.1% Increase
2 Tallinn University of Technology (TUT), Estonia 7.41 2.85 16 -62.9% Decrease
2 Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics (BSUIR), Belarus 0.14 0.53 2 254.3% Increase
2 Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers (TIIAME), Uzbekistan 0.00 0.47 7 0.0% Increase
2 Aalto University, Finland 38.39 37.62 232 -5.5% Decrease
2 Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), Oman 1.37 1.25 5 -11.9% Decrease
2 Chulalongkorn University (CU), Thailand 11.14 9.96 91 -13.8% Decrease
2 State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil 14.48 18.03 126 20.1% Increase
2 University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.00 0.03 2 2,880.8% Increase
2 Babeș-Bolyai University (UBB), Romania 4.03 2.62 16 -37.3% Decrease
2 Covenant University, Nigeria 0.00 0.05 1 0.0% Increase
2 Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI), Israel 116.95 127.28 301 4.9% Increase
2 Université Nangui Abrogoua (UNA), Ivory Coast 0.01 0.03 1 312.0% Increase
2 University of Crete (UOC), Greece 14.68 11.73 49 -23.0% Decrease
2 University College Dublin (UCD), Ireland 14.42 21.84 176 46.0% Increase
2 University of Indonesia (UI), Indonesia 0.76 1.58 8 101.9% Increase
2 Francisco Marroquín University (UFM), Guatemala 0.00 0.02 1 0.0% Increase
2 Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Spain 74.08 70.67 417 -8.0% Decrease
2 Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany 154.86 161.63 631 0.6% Increase
2 Peking University (PKU), China 437.95 446.95 1636 -1.6% Decrease
2 Ain Shams University, Egypt 1.88 1.64 17 -15.7% Decrease
2 Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jordan 0.09 0.16 5 67.5% Increase
2 King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Saudi Arabia 7.89 4.95 58 -39.5% Decrease
2 Kyoto University, Japan 252.15 267.45 696 2.3% Increase
2 Tunis El Manar University (UTM), Tunisia 0.71 1.15 8 56.4% Increase
2 University of Aden, Yemen 0.00 0.00 1 0.0% Increase
2 Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway 40.77 43.23 171 2.2% Increase
2 National University of Costa Rica (UNA), Costa Rica 1.46 1.09 8 -28.3% Decrease
2 Kathmandu University, Nepal 0.07 0.00 1 -97.8% Decrease
2 Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP), Peru 0.87 2.28 30 151.5% Increase
2 African Institutes of Science and Technology (AIST), International 0.04 0.23 1 469.7% Increase
2 University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Australia 133.61 155.50 545 12.2% Increase
2 University of Latvia (LU), Latvia 2.17 0.38 9 -83.1% Decrease
2 University of Cape Coast (UCC), Ghana 0.06 0.11 5 73.5% Increase
2 Luxembourg School of Business (LSB), Luxembourg 0.00 0.03 1 0.0% Increase
2 Russian-Armenian University (RAU), Armenia 0.00 0.17 4 11,106.5% Increase
2 University of Kisangani (UNIKIS), Congo 0.02 0.04 2 98.4% Increase
2 United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), United Arab Emirates 1.63 1.86 19 10.2% Increase
2 Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Austria 46.19 47.10 206 -1.7% Decrease
2 Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba (ENS-Kouba), Algeria 0.00 0.50 1 0.0% Increase
2 Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Uganda 0.00 0.09 2 3,596.8% Increase
2 Kuwait University (KU), Kuwait 0.79 0.33 5 -59.8% Decrease
2 Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Mexico 8.74 11.12 114 22.6% Increase
2 McGill University, Canada 160.54 162.26 586 -2.6% Decrease
2 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (Wits University), South Africa 9.90 11.97 125 16.6% Increase
2 Cadi Ayyad University (UCA), Morocco 1.77 1.10 44 -40.3% Decrease
2 University of the Andes (ULA), Venezuela 0.02 1.08 8 4,184.8% Increase
2 Lebanese University (LU), Lebanon 0.78 1.05 9 29.6% Increase
2 Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), South Korea 151.84 187.74 399 19.2% Increase
2 Stanford University, United States of America (USA) 647.70 636.59 1730 -5.2% Decrease
2 Nihon Gakko University, Paraguay 0.00 0.00 1 5.1% Increase
2 University of Otago, New Zealand 32.88 27.92 139 -18.1% Decrease
2 Universidade Zambeze, Mozambique 0.00 0.08 1 0.0% Increase
2 Jagiellonian University (UJ), Poland 27.28 37.39 167 32.2% Increase
2 Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School (IPS), Slovenia 0.44 2.28 8 397.4% Increase
2 University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (UK) 419.29 457.10 1441 5.1% Increase
2 Ilia State University, Georgia 0.36 1.09 17 190.6% Increase
2 University of Al-Ameed, Iraq 0.25 0.17 1 -35.7% Decrease
2 State University of Tetova, Macedonia 0.13 0.50 3 285.7% Increase
2 National University of La Plata (UNLP), Argentina 6.40 7.36 86 10.9% Increase
2 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland 268.84 260.31 630 -6.6% Decrease
2 University of Makeni (UNIMAK), Sierra Leone 0.00 0.29 1 0.0% Increase
2 Istanbul Technical University (ITU), Turkey 12.07 7.44 69 -40.6% Decrease
2 Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Azerbaijan 0.08 0.02 1 -74.7% Decrease
2 University of Tehran (UT), Iran 3.32 6.37 24 85.4% Increase
2 University of Groningen (RUG), Netherlands 97.08 106.91 411 6.2% Increase
2 University of Yangon, Myanmar 0.30 0.11 2 -66.1% Decrease
2 University of San Simón (UMSS), Bolivia 0.06 0.14 4 122.3% Increase
2 Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST), Namibia 0.00 0.02 1 0.0% Increase
2 Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice (UPJŠ), Slovakia 1.79 1.38 28 -25.7% Decrease
2 Université Alioune Diop de Bambey (UADB), Senegal 0.00 0.11 1 0.0% Increase
2 Masaryk University (MU), Czech Republic 19.26 21.64 118 8.3% Increase
2 University of Dhaka (DU), Bangladesh 1.54 1.00 8 -37.4% Decrease
2 Stanford University, United States of America (USA) 647.70 636.59 1730 -5.2% Decrease
2 Instituto Superior de Formación Docente Salomé Ureña (ISFODOSU), Dominican Republic 0.00 0.01 1 0.0% Increase
2 University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (UK) 419.29 457.10 1441 5.1% Increase
2 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), Pakistan 0.00 3.00 3 0.0% Increase
2 Kaunas University of Technology (KTU), Lithuania 1.87 0.23 3 -88.2% Decrease
2 Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Hungary 12.30 12.49 125 -2.1% Decrease
2 Los Andes University, Colombia 3.75 3.01 60 -22.7% Decrease
2 Cyprus University of Technology (CUT), Cyprus 0.00 1.00 10 0.0% Increase
2 University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina 15.80 23.07 139 40.8% Increase
2 Maseno University, Kenya 0.35 0.30 1 -17.4% Decrease
2 Université Antènor Firmin, Haiti 0.00 0.10 1 0.0% Increase
2 Research-Development International Centre for Husbandry in Sub-Humid Area (CIRDES), Burkina Faso 0.00 0.14 2 0.0% Increase
2 Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI), Israel 116.95 127.28 301 4.9% Increase
2 National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics (UNSTIM), Benin 0.32 0.50 1 51.8% Increase
2 Military Medical Academy (MMA), Bulgaria 0.00 0.10 1 0.0% Increase
2 Karolinska Institute (KI), Sweden 83.10 95.86 421 11.2% Increase
2 Ghent University (UGent), Belgium 75.76 80.63 320 2.6% Increase
2 University of Novi Sad, Serbia 0.49 0.37 6 -27.3% Decrease
2 Universidad de Oriente (UO), Cuba 0.00 0.33 1 0.0% Increase
2 De La Salle University (DLSU), Philippines 0.00 0.40 2 0.0% Increase
2 Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Ecuador 0.26 1.47 61 442.0% Increase
2 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (KazNU), Kazakhstan 1.29 1.87 7 40.1% Increase
2 African Institutes of Science and Technology (AIST), International 0.04 0.23 1 469.7% Increase
2 University of Akureyri (UNAK), Iceland 0.01 0.31 2 4,600.2% Increase
2 Mongolian University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mongolia 0.00 0.06 1 0.0% Increase
2 Mara University of Technology (UiTM), Malaysia 0.04 1.07 2 2,573.9% Increase
2 Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Vietnam 1.16 5.21 12 332.3% Increase
2 University of Florence (UNIFI), Italy 24.94 38.16 233 47.5% Increase
2 Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar, Qatar 1.20 1.15 11 -8.0% Decrease
2 Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú (UNCA), Paraguay 0.00 0.00 1 5.1% Increase
2 University of Bamako, Mali 0.32 0.02 1 -95.2% Decrease
2 University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 0.44 0.45 3 -1.7% Decrease
2 University of Buea (UB), Cameroon 0.80 0.18 4 -77.9% Decrease
2 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (Wits University), South Africa 9.90 11.97 125 16.6% Increase
2 Stanford University, United States of America (USA) 647.70 636.59 1730 -5.2% Decrease
2 Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 231.61 221.92 570 -7.6% Decrease
2 National Tsing Hua University (NTHU), Taiwan 49.71 46.82 193 -9.2% Decrease
2 Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), India 59.03 57.59 206 -5.9% Decrease
2 Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia 0.01 0.37 3 4,900.6% Increase
2 Al-Quds University, Palestinian territories 0.00 0.04 1 1,962.2% Increase
2 Aarhus University (AU), Denmark 91.37 91.10 303 -3.9% Decrease
2 University of Aveiro (UA), Portugal 20.22 18.99 69 -9.5% Decrease
2 University of Rijeka (UNIRI), Croatia 1.59 2.19 10 33.1% Increase
2 Botho University, Botswana 0.00 0.08 3 1,372.8% Increase
2 Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Russia 27.26 23.82 102 -15.7% Decrease
3 Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Israel 98.17 120.63 277 18.5% Increase
3 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology - State University (MIPT), Russia 15.51 22.19 196 37.9% Increase
3 University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain 50.68 60.61 302 15.3% Increase
3 Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LSMU), Lithuania 0.21 0.05 2 -75.0% Decrease
3 University College Cork (UCC), Ireland 14.69 16.23 85 6.5% Increase
3 Central University "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas (UCLV), Cuba 0.00 0.25 1 0.0% Increase
3 Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny (INP-HB), Ivory Coast 0.00 0.00 1 -62.1% Decrease
3 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Switzerland 403.35 379.03 1058 -9.4% Decrease
3 Universidad Nacional Experimental Marítima del Caribe (UMC), Venezuela 0.00 0.13 1 0.0% Increase
3 The University of British Columbia (UBC), Canada 143.98 132.72 497 -11.1% Decrease
3 University of Georgia, Georgia 0.00 0.67 5 0.0% Increase
3 Lebanese American University (LAU), Lebanon 1.42 0.24 2 -83.9% Decrease
3 Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Tanzania 0.39 0.01 1 -97.7% Decrease
3 Victoria University of Wellington (Victoria), New Zealand 16.82 17.62 100 1.0% Increase
3 Ton Duc Thang University (TDTU), Vietnam 0.16 2.79 9 1,559.2% Increase
3 Ulaanbaatar State University (USU), Mongolia 0.02 0.03 1 76.8% Increase
3 Pavel Sukhoi State Technical University of Gomel (GSTU), Belarus 0.00 0.33 1 0.0% Increase
3 University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague (UCT), Czech Republic 19.76 14.36 31 -29.9% Decrease
3 Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, KazNU, Kazakhstan 0.00 0.22 1 0.0% Increase
3 Imperial College London (ICL), United Kingdom (UK) 221.19 254.01 962 10.7% Increase
3 University of Münster (WWU), Germany 109.32 139.91 362 23.4% Increase
3 Monash University, Australia 131.75 124.31 540 -9.0% Decrease
3 Qatar University, Qatar 3.15 0.58 11 -82.3% Decrease
3 Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Netherlands 80.84 89.81 266 7.1% Increase
3 Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Austria 22.70 34.76 82 47.7% Increase
3 University of Bergen (UIB), Norway 33.84 29.21 246 -16.8% Decrease
3 Yarmouk University, Jordan 0.09 0.10 1 10.7% Increase
3 Debre Berhan University (DBU), Ethiopia 0.00 0.17 3 3,239.9% Increase
3 University of Health and Allied Science (UHAS), Ghana 0.03 0.05 2 79.2% Increase
3 University of Nova Gorica (UNG), Slovenia 0.44 1.15 15 154.4% Increase
3 German Jordanian University (GJU), Jordan 0.00 0.10 1 0.0% Increase
3 São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil 12.32 16.77 122 31.2% Increase
3 University of Sri Jayewardenepura (SJP), Sri Lanka 0.14 0.22 2 55.8% Increase
3 Kuwait College Science and Technology (KCST), Kuwait 0.00 0.11 1 0.0% Increase
3 Cairo University (CU), Egypt 1.60 1.59 41 -4.5% Decrease
3 Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Singapore 17.59 14.23 41 -22.0% Decrease
3 Yonsei University, South Korea 88.08 95.81 317 4.9% Increase
3 Mahidol University (MU), Thailand 5.13 3.57 44 -32.8% Decrease
3 Tashkent University of Information Technologies (TUIT), Uzbekistan 0.00 0.20 1 0.0% Increase
3 University of Sfax, Tunisia 0.29 0.57 2 88.9% Increase
3 Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava (STU), Slovakia 3.84 1.36 9 -65.9% Decrease
3 École Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires de Dakar (EISMV), Senegal 0.01 0.01 1 -13.3% Decrease
3 University of Zurich (UZH), Switzerland 136.43 143.13 652 1.1% Increase
3 University of Jyväskylä, Finland 19.30 24.56 188 22.7% Increase
3 Sana'a University, Yemen 0.00 0.00 1 -42.0% Decrease
3 Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU), Cyprus 2.78 1.00 1 -65.3% Decrease
3 National University of Colombia (UNAL), Colombia 4.36 2.93 77 -35.2% Decrease
3 Lúrio University, Mozambique 0.00 0.05 1 0.0% Increase
3 Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), India 50.41 52.05 124 -0.5% Decrease
3 Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Israel 98.17 120.63 277 18.5% Increase
3 Khovd University (KHU), Mongolia 0.00 0.03 1 0.0% Increase
3 University of Technology, Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia 0.39 1.00 1 146.0% Increase
3 Universidad Eugenio María de Hostos (UNIREMOS), Dominican Republic 0.00 0.00 1 25.4% Increase
3 Marien Ngouabi University (UMNG), Congo 0.00 0.02 2 0.0% Increase
3 Islamic University of Gaza (IUG), Palestinian territories 0.00 0.01 1 0.0% Increase
3 National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (NYCU), Taiwan 34.84 40.21 131 11.3% Increase
3 Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Denmark 71.21 79.97 283 8.3% Increase
3 University of Bucharest (UB), Romania 2.58 2.17 14 -18.9% Decrease
3 Osaka University, Japan 182.59 184.21 519 -2.7% Decrease
3 National Polytechnic School (EPN), Ecuador 1.76 1.30 60 -28.6% Decrease
3 State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil 14.48 18.03 126 20.1% Increase
3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), China 408.57 425.51 2506 0.4% Increase
3 King Saud University (KSU), Saudi Arabia 4.64 4.16 33 -13.5% Decrease
3 University of Split, Croatia 0.34 1.54 88 331.8% Increase
3 Peking University (PKU), China 437.95 446.95 1636 -1.6% Decrease
3 University of Dschang, Cameroon 0.00 0.13 3 0.0% Increase
3 Sapienza University of Rome, Italy 50.30 35.20 332 -32.5% Decrease
3 Stockholm University, Sweden 82.46 91.67 497 7.2% Increase
3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States of America (USA) 561.54 526.01 1879 -9.7% Decrease
3 Bilkent University, Turkey 13.59 7.09 25 -49.7% Decrease
3 Université PSL, France 90.18 76.62 833 -18.1% Decrease
3 Goce Delčev University of Štip, Macedonia 0.28 0.03 1 -89.7% Decrease
3 Yerevan Mkhitar Heratsi State Medical University (YSMU), Armenia 0.08 0.04 1 -50.5% Decrease
3 Nnamdi Azikiwe University (UNIZIK), Nigeria 0.00 0.05 1 0.0% Increase
3 Higher University of San Andrés (UMSA), Bolivia 0.68 0.12 2 -82.6% Decrease
3 University of Debrecen, Hungary 10.11 10.64 95 1.5% Increase
3 Dagon University (DU), Myanmar 0.00 0.09 2 0.0% Increase
3 University of Guanajuato (UG), Mexico 4.77 4.79 13 -3.2% Decrease
3 Busitema University, Uganda 0.00 0.01 1 0.0% Increase
3 University of San Carlos (USC), Philippines 0.22 0.21 2 -8.6% Decrease
3 University of Porto (UP), Portugal 13.05 13.80 117 2.0% Increase
3 German University of Technology (GUtech), Oman 0.01 0.27 2 1,674.0% Increase
3 University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 0.48 0.76 15 53.5% Increase
3 Riga Technical University (RTU), Latvia 0.52 0.27 54 -49.4% Decrease
3 Shiraz University, Iran 5.23 5.64 12 3.9% Increase
3 Reykjavik University, Iceland 0.26 0.18 6 -33.1% Decrease
3 National University of Engineering (UNI), Peru 0.00 0.85 4 0.0% Increase
3 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), Greece 7.06 6.29 62 -14.1% Decrease
3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States of America (USA) 561.54 526.01 1879 -9.7% Decrease
3 University of Wrocław (UWr), Poland 18.48 17.03 61 -11.2% Decrease
3 University of Niš, Serbia 0.01 0.07 1 519.8% Increase
3 Rosario National University (UNR), Argentina 4.81 4.99 29 0.0% Increase
3 Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Indonesia 1.77 1.50 8 -18.1% Decrease
3 V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine 1.79 0.99 8 -46.9% Decrease
3 Université Larbi Tébessi, Algeria 0.00 0.33 1 0.0% Increase
3 Far-Western University (FWU), Nepal 0.00 0.00 1 0.0% Increase
3 Salahaddin University-Erbil, Iraq 0.00 0.15 3 5,620.2% Increase
3 Mohammed V University, Morocco 0.44 0.74 49 62.3% Increase
3 University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), South Africa 6.99 9.91 48 36.8% Increase
3 Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Pakistan 1.80 2.36 63 26.5% Increase
3 Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonia 0.50 0.55 12 7.1% Increase
3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States of America (USA) 561.54 526.01 1879 -9.7% Decrease
3 Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria 0.15 0.09 4 -40.3% Decrease
3 Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium 34.84 42.63 193 18.0% Increase
3 Rajshahi University, Bangladesh 0.09 0.75 1 695.4% Increase
3 University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), South Africa 6.99 9.91 48 36.8% Increase
3 University of Eldoret, Kenya 0.01 0.21 1 1,470.2% Increase
3 Costa Rica Institute of Technology (TEC), Costa Rica 0.35 0.09 3 -74.5% Decrease
3 University of Antofagasta, Chile 5.90 8.90 26 45.4% Increase
4 Heidelberg University (Uni Heidelberg), Germany 138.80 138.84 626 -3.6% Decrease
4 King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia 4.15 2.40 11 -44.2% Decrease
4 Agricultural University of Georgia, Georgia 0.00 0.19 1 0.0% Increase
4 Abdelmalek Essaâdi University (UAE), Morocco 0.20 0.52 7 145.6% Increase
4 National University of Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia 0.46 0.41 4 -12.3% Decrease
4 Tel Aviv University (TAU), Israel 108.21 90.86 318 -19.0% Decrease
4 Hólar University College, Iceland 0.00 0.13 1 0.0% Increase
4 University of Antioquia (UdeA), Colombia 4.69 2.76 62 -43.3% Decrease
4 Ateneo de Manila University (AMU), Philippines 0.05 0.19 3 252.6% Increase
4 University of Ioannina (UOI), Greece 5.41 5.96 82 6.2% Increase
4 Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil 13.17 16.19 139 18.5% Increase
4 The University of Melbourne (UniMelb), Australia 102.18 111.26 575 5.0% Increase
4 Middle East Technical University (METU), Turkey 2.75 4.41 79 54.9% Increase
4 University of Concepción (UdeC), Chile 8.33 8.71 61 0.8% Increase
4 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland 268.84 260.31 630 -6.6% Decrease
4 São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil 12.32 16.77 122 31.2% Increase
4 University of Kragujevac, Serbia 0.66 0.00 1 -99.8% Decrease
4 University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland 114.79 115.99 388 -2.6% Decrease
4 Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), South Korea 82.33 90.92 262 6.5% Increase
4 University of Michigan (U-M), United States of America (USA) 343.97 398.65 1077 11.7% Increase
4 University of Limerick (UL), Ireland 10.11 12.47 35 18.9% Increase
4 National University Cancer Institute (NCIS), Singapore 0.95 0.86 38 -13.1% Decrease
4 Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB), Congo 0.00 0.00 4 0.0% Increase
4 Tallinn University (TU), Estonia 0.14 0.16 3 9.2% Increase
4 University of Johannesburg (UJ), South Africa 5.37 5.05 77 -9.3% Decrease
4 Mongolian National University of Education (NUM), Mongolia 0.00 0.02 1 0.0% Increase
4 National University of Córdoba (UNC), Argentina 2.29 3.75 24 57.6% Increase
4 University of Balamand (UOB), Lebanon 0.18 0.15 2 -19.7% Decrease
4 Universidad de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca" (UPR), Cuba 0.00 0.13 2 0.0% Increase
4 Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), Vietnam 1.51 1.22 8 -21.6% Decrease
4 University of Alberta (U of A), Canada 95.82 100.70 322 1.3% Increase
4 National University of San Antonio Abad in Cuzco (UNSAAC), Peru 0.39 0.40 6 -0.6% Decrease
4 A'Sharqiyah University (ASU), Oman 0.00 0.10 1 0.0% Increase
4 University of Technology (UOT), Iraq 0.00 0.15 2 0.0% Increase
4 University Ferhat Abbas of Setif (UFAS), Algeria 0.00 0.31 2 0.0% Increase
4 UCL, United Kingdom (UK) 216.41 211.16 916 -5.9% Decrease
4 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Mexico 5.67 3.49 94 -40.6% Decrease
4 Universidad Autónoma del Beni "José Ballivián" (UABJB), Bolivia 0.00 0.02 2 0.0% Increase
4 University of the Punjab, Pakistan 0.42 1.53 17 252.3% Increase
4 University of Szeged (SZTE), Hungary 5.08 6.03 32 14.4% Increase
4 Lund University (LU), Sweden 77.27 85.86 373 7.1% Increase
4 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU), Lithuania 0.13 0.05 1 -61.4% Decrease
4 University of Johannesburg (UJ), South Africa 5.37 5.05 77 -9.3% Decrease
4 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium 32.39 35.98 213 7.1% Increase
4 Cenderawasih University (UNCEN), Indonesia 0.00 0.47 2 0.0% Increase
4 University of Minho (UM), Portugal 7.05 8.83 82 20.7% Increase
4 University of Milan (UNIMI), Italy 21.99 32.45 264 42.3% Increase
4 University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Denmark 20.98 22.49 123 3.3% Increase
4 National Distance Education University (UNED), Costa Rica 0.01 0.02 3 269.7% Increase
4 Nanjing University (NJU), China 425.54 417.66 1022 -5.4% Decrease
4 University of Innsbruck (LFU), Austria 37.23 32.41 147 -16.1% Decrease
4 Shahid Beheshti University (SBU), Iran 8.10 4.40 9 -47.6% Decrease
4 National Technical University of Ukraine - Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute (NTUU KPI), Ukraine 0.72 0.68 3 -8.6% Decrease
4 Tohoku University, Japan 142.68 162.77 530 10.0% Increase
4 University of Canterbury (UC), New Zealand 9.85 12.99 150 27.2% Increase
4 Leiden University, Netherlands 82.57 86.62 362 1.1% Increase
4 New Bulgarian University (NBU), Bulgaria 0.04 0.06 1 39.6% Increase
4 Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (AMU), Poland 11.84 15.97 60 30.0% Increase
4 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER Kolkata), India 35.05 41.05 62 12.9% Increase
4 Wolkite University (WKU), Ethiopia 0.00 0.10 2 2,992.6% Increase
4 Croatian Catholic University (UNICATH), Croatia 0.00 0.50 1 0.0% Increase
4 Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Russia 14.40 22.09 98 47.9% Increase
4 National School of Engineers of Sfax, Tunisia 0.00 0.18 1 0.0% Increase
4 University of Turku (UTU), Finland 19.06 19.27 98 -2.6% Decrease
4 University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Norway 18.56 14.17 73 -26.4% Decrease
4 University Children's Hospital, Macedonia 0.04 0.02 2 -47.0% Decrease
4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), China 408.57 425.51 2506 0.4% Increase
4 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana 0.50 0.03 4 -93.3% Decrease
4 Zagreb University of Applied Health Sciences, Croatia 0.00 0.50 1 30,752.8% Increase
4 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia 106.82 114.99 267 3.8% Increase
4 Chiang Mai University (CMU), Thailand 1.69 2.73 19 56.0% Increase
4 Belarusian State Medical University (BSMU), Belarus 0.00 0.01 1 0.0% Increase
4 National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Taiwan 19.43 24.01 83 19.1% Increase
4 Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador (PUCE), Ecuador 0.80 1.15 3 38.8% Increase
4 Paris Cité University, France 64.45 72.74 862 8.8% Increase
4 University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka 0.00 0.10 1 0.0% Increase
4 University of Douala, Cameroon 0.52 0.08 1 -84.6% Decrease
4 University of Maribor, Slovenia 1.33 0.94 21 -31.3% Decrease
4 Simón Bolívar University (USB), Venezuela 0.30 0.07 2 -77.5% Decrease
4 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University (UAIC), Romania 0.88 1.36 44 48.3% Increase
4 American University of Sharjah (AUS), United Arab Emirates 0.34 0.19 3 -44.5% Decrease
4 Field School of Archaeology, Myanmar 0.00 0.08 1 0.0% Increase
4 University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava (UCM), Slovakia 1.79 0.80 1 -56.9% Decrease
4 Palacky University (PU), Czech Republic 17.28 9.52 92 -46.9% Decrease
4 Federal University Oye-Ekiti (FUOYE), Nigeria 0.00 0.05 1 0.0% Increase
4 Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics (CING), Cyprus 0.03 0.04 5 25.0% Increase
4 Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (CUET), Bangladesh 0.00 0.10 1 0.0% Increase
4 University of Michigan (U-M), United States of America (USA) 343.97 398.65 1077 11.7% Increase
4 L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (ENU), Kazakhstan 0.69 0.08 2 -89.3% Decrease
4 Dedan Kimathi University of Technology (DKUT), Kenya 0.00 0.13 1 0.0% Increase
4 Mandalay University Of Distance Education (MUDE), Myanmar 0.13 0.08 1 -35.7% Decrease
4 An-Najah National University, Palestinian territories 0.00 0.00 20 125.4% Increase
4 University of Valencia (UV), Spain 54.20 54.99 323 -2.2% Decrease
4 The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Japan 431.40 461.12 1310 3.1% Increase
4 American University in Cairo (AUC), Egypt 0.31 1.44 8 351.4% Increase
5 University of Galway, Ireland 8.88 9.72 47 5.5% Increase
5 Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Spain 31.72 41.55 221 26.3% Increase
5 United States International University (USIU), Kenya 0.00 0.06 1 0.0% Increase
5 Lyceum of the Philippines University (LPU), Philippines 0.00 0.17 1 0.0% Increase
5 Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Mexico 1.50 3.45 12 122.4% Increase
5 Nagoya University, Japan 112.84 147.31 417 25.9% Increase
5 Stellenbosch University (SU), South Africa 9.13 4.84 36 -48.9% Decrease
5 University of Aalborg (AAU), Denmark 7.92 11.49 53 39.9% Increase
5 University of Béjaïa, Algeria 0.00 0.25 1 0.0% Increase
5 Universidad del Rosario, Colombia 0.46 0.90 5 87.4% Increase
5 University of the Philippines Visayas (UPV), Philippines 0.00 0.17 2 0.0% Increase
5 University of Gafsa, Tunisia 0.00 0.17 1 0.0% Increase
5 Quy Nhon University (QNU), Vietnam 0.07 0.75 1 912.4% Increase
5 Tel Aviv University (TAU), Israel 108.21 90.86 318 -19.0% Decrease
5 University of Antwerp (UA), Belgium 31.88 31.08 182 -6.0% Decrease
5 Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco 0.10 0.41 5 310.0% Increase
5 University of Ibadan (UI), Nigeria 0.14 0.03 4 -76.7% Decrease
5 Matej Bel University, Slovakia 0.22 0.45 4 94.1% Increase
5 Zagreb School of Economics and Management (ZSEM), Croatia 0.00 0.03 1 0.0% Increase
5 Lebanese German University (LGU), Lebanon 0.13 0.12 2 -4.2% Decrease

Footnote

Each year, the Nature Index publishes tables based on counts of high-quality research outputs in the previous calendar year. Users please note:

  1. The data behind the tables are based on a relatively small proportion of total research papers, they cover the natural sciences and health sciences only and outputs are non-normalized (that is, they don’t reflect the size of the country or institution, or its overall research output).
  2. The Nature Index is one indicator of institutional research performance. The metrics of Count and Share used to order Nature Index listings are based on an institution’s or country’s publication output in 145 natural-science and health-science journals. The journals were selected on reputation by an independent panel of leading scientists in their fields. The list is reviewed periodically and journals may be removed or added. Articles from eLife were no longer included in the Nature Index from 2023 after the journal changed its publishing model.
  3. Nature Index recognizes that many other factors must be taken into account when considering research quality and institutional performance; Nature Index metrics alone should not be used to assess institutions or individuals.
  4. Nature Index data and methods are transparent and available under a creative commons licence at nature.com/nature-index/.
  5. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The Nature Index database undergoes regular updating, corrections, adjustment of institutional hierarchies, and removal of retracted papers and thus the live website can differ from the frozen research leaders.