2020 Research Leaders: Leading academic institutions

The 2020 Research Leaders are based on Nature Index data from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019.

Table criteria

# Institution Share 2018 Share 2019 Count 2019 Change in Adjusted Share* 2018–2019
1 University of Montenegro (UCG), Montenegro 0.03 0.01 18 -69.5% Decrease
1 University of French Polynesia (UPF), French Polynesia 0.46 0.10 9 -79.0% Decrease
1 University of Oxford, United Kingdom (UK) 412.98 456.34 1377 6.9% Increase
1 University of San Carlos of Guatemala (USAC), Guatemala 0.08 0.51 2 548.8% Increase
1 University of Guyana, Guyana 0.03 0.05 3 108.8% Increase
1 Qatar University, Qatar 1.49 3.15 17 105.2% Increase
1 American University of Beirut (AUB), Lebanon 3.40 5.01 19 42.6% Increase
1 University of Dhaka (DU), Bangladesh 0.70 1.54 8 113.3% Increase
1 The University of Dublin, Ireland 32.51 41.90 150 24.7% Increase
1 Shahid Beheshti University (SBU), Iran 8.23 8.10 15 -4.8% Decrease
1 Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Tanzania 0.14 0.39 3 160.2% Increase
1 National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico 55.19 47.24 179 -17.2% Decrease
1 University of Rwanda, Rwanda 0.15 0.19 2 22.5% Increase
1 National University of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan 0.13 0.33 2 158.0% Increase
1 University of Belgrade, Serbia 10.99 9.71 167 -14.5% Decrease
1 Weizmann Institute of Science (WIS), Israel 180.07 153.37 423 -17.6% Decrease
1 University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg 12.74 13.10 57 -0.5% Decrease
1 Université de Man (U-MAN), Ivory Coast 0.00 0.13 1 0.0% Increase
1 Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Indonesia 1.48 1.77 14 15.6% Increase
1 University of Benghazi (UoB), Libya 0.00 0.33 1 0.0% Increase
1 Khalifa University of Science and Technology, United Arab Emirates 3.45 2.59 13 -27.5% Decrease
1 University of Namibia (UNAM), Namibia 0.20 0.19 5 -8.6% Decrease
1 University of the West Indies (UWI), International 1.17 0.77 8 -35.9% Decrease
1 Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Bulgaria 4.35 5.20 85 15.7% Increase
1 Uppsala University (UU), Sweden 106.74 93.13 445 -15.6% Decrease
1 University of the Republic (UDELAR), Uruguay 5.16 6.77 21 26.9% Increase
1 Chulalongkorn University (CU), Thailand 10.76 11.14 112 0.2% Increase
1 University of La Réunion, Reunion 1.02 0.56 24 -46.5% Decrease
1 University of Botswana (UB), Botswana 0.54 0.06 1 -89.4% Decrease
1 Seoul National University (SNU), South Korea 166.13 168.33 489 -2.0% Decrease
1 University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 13.83 20.27 143 41.8% Increase
1 University of Greenland, Greenland 0.26 0.10 7 -61.4% Decrease
1 Indian Institute of Science (IISc), India 80.58 84.82 220 1.8% Increase
1 University of Khartoum, Sudan 0.07 0.06 1 -23.2% Decrease
1 Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Nigeria 0.00 0.70 2 0.0% Increase
1 Kyrgyz National University (KNU), Kyrgyzstan 0.00 0.02 1 0.0% Increase
1 National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 255.19 255.38 724 -3.2% Decrease
1 University of Sierra Leone (USL), Sierra Leone 0.02 0.05 2 162.0% Increase
1 University of Zimbabwe (UZ), Zimbabwe 0.13 0.12 1 -10.7% Decrease
1 Nazarbayev University (NU), Kazakhstan 1.55 1.85 9 15.5% Increase
1 Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis (IOS), Latvia 0.00 2.59 6 0.0% Increase
1 Duy Tan University (DTU), Vietnam 0.66 3.09 12 355.4% Increase
1 University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina 17.87 15.80 116 -14.4% Decrease
1 COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Pakistan 5.26 3.19 53 -41.3% Decrease
1 The University of the South Pacific (USP), Fiji 0.25 0.68 3 158.5% Increase
1 Universidad Eugenio María de Hostos (UNIREMOS), Dominican Republic 0.00 0.00 1 0.0% Increase
1 Ain Shams University, Egypt 2.16 1.88 22 -15.8% Decrease
1 University of Antananarivo, Madagascar 0.57 0.34 3 -42.1% Decrease
1 University of Zambia, Zambia 0.00 0.28 4 0.0% Increase
1 University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Benin 0.54 1.10 7 97.2% Increase
1 University of Iceland, Iceland 15.03 15.84 102 2.0% Increase
1 Belarusian State University (BSU), Belarus 2.80 2.88 132 -0.3% Decrease
1 Sorbonne University, France 103.32 111.18 1140 4.1% Increase
1 Hadhramout University, Yemen 0.00 0.05 1 0.0% Increase
1 University of Antioquia (UdeA), Colombia 2.58 4.69 28 76.1% Increase
1 University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso 0.01 0.03 1 111.7% Increase
1 Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (TSU), Georgia 0.80 1.44 131 74.2% Increase
1 University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa 15.69 15.87 168 -2.1% Decrease
1 Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM), Mozambique 0.00 0.00 1 0.0% Increase
1 University of Havana (UH), Cuba 1.46 2.81 7 86.6% Increase
1 Constantine 1 University, Algeria 0.01 0.49 34 4,201.2% Increase
1 University of the Faroe Islands, Faroe Islands 0.00 0.09 2 0.0% Increase
1 Utrecht University (UU), Netherlands 136.24 124.27 641 -11.7% Decrease
1 Cayetano Heredia University (UPCH), Peru 0.28 0.96 9 228.6% Increase
1 Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (LMU), Germany 201.48 184.12 677 -11.6% Decrease
1 University of Nairobi, Kenya 0.03 1.04 9 3,201.8% Increase
1 Hashemite University (HU), Jordan 0.03 0.96 3 2,844.6% Increase
1 Addis Ababa University (AAU), Ethiopia 1.88 1.70 18 -12.4% Decrease
1 University of Malawi, Malawi 0.59 0.70 12 14.9% Increase
1 Eastern University, Sri Lanka (EUSL), Sri Lanka 0.50 1.00 1 93.5% Increase
1 University of Cyprus, Cyprus 5.16 3.69 90 -30.8% Decrease
1 Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Hungary 9.17 12.30 131 29.8% Increase
1 University of Al-Ameed, Iraq 0.00 0.25 1 0.0% Increase
1 Université Omar Bongo, Gabon 0.00 0.06 1 0.0% Increase
1 Makerere University, Uganda 0.54 0.59 10 6.0% Increase
1 University of Panama, Panama 0.01 0.14 2 802.8% Increase
1 University of Otago, New Zealand 25.79 32.88 143 23.4% Increase
1 University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil 51.14 51.25 265 -3.0% Decrease
1 Harvard University, United States of America (USA) 880.02 924.00 2654 1.6% Increase
1 The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Japan 448.85 431.40 1191 -7.0% Decrease
1 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Switzerland 418.68 403.35 1051 -6.8% Decrease
1 University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil 51.14 51.25 265 -3.0% Decrease
1 Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Suriname 0.00 0.04 1 0.0% Increase
1 Comenius University in Bratislava (UK), Slovakia 2.33 4.25 93 76.1% Increase
1 University of the Gambia (UTG), Gambia 0.00 0.01 1 0.0% Increase
1 University of N'Djamena (UNDT), Chad 0.00 0.01 1 0.0% Increase
1 Kuwait University (KU), Kuwait 0.01 0.79 6 7,101.6% Increase
1 University of the Philippines Diliman (UPD), Philippines 0.45 0.72 8 54.3% Increase
1 St. George's University (SGU), Grenada 0.28 0.47 5 59.8% Increase
1 University of Malta, Malta 3.13 2.02 9 -37.6% Decrease
1 University of Zagreb, Croatia 9.69 5.20 54 -48.1% Decrease
1 University of Pristina, Kosovo 0.00 0.00 1 0.0% Increase
1 Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje (UKIM), Macedonia 0.51 0.59 6 12.0% Increase
1 University of Brunei Darussalam (UBD), Brunei 0.94 0.48 5 -49.9% Decrease
1 University of Oxford, United Kingdom (UK) 412.98 456.34 1377 6.9% Increase
1 Babeș-Bolyai University (UBB), Romania 3.44 4.03 20 13.5% Increase
1 Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Venezuela 0.54 0.69 5 23.7% Increase
1 Charles University (CU), Czech Republic 31.19 35.26 307 9.4% Increase
1 Bilkent University, Turkey 7.81 13.59 27 68.3% Increase
1 University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Congo 0.00 0.40 11 0.0% Increase
1 Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium 105.14 108.96 326 0.3% Increase
1 University of Costa Rica (UCR), Costa Rica 1.29 1.67 15 25.4% Increase
1 University of Science, Technique and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali 0.26 0.43 6 61.3% Increase
1 Tribhuvan University (TU), Nepal 1.47 1.34 9 -11.9% Decrease
1 Divine Word University (DWU), Papua New Guinea 0.00 0.01 1 0.0% Increase
1 National Taiwan University (NTU), Taiwan 75.27 72.65 326 -6.6% Decrease
1 National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Honduras 0.13 0.06 1 -50.6% Decrease
1 Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Russia 49.04 43.74 332 -13.7% Decrease
1 University of the West Indies (UWI), International 1.17 0.77 8 -35.9% Decrease
1 University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Portugal 46.06 41.02 226 -13.8% Decrease
1 University of Malaya (UM), Malaysia 1.38 2.01 108 40.7% Increase
1 Cadi Ayyad University (UCA), Morocco 1.73 1.77 62 -0.8% Decrease
1 Yachay Tech University, Ecuador 1.10 3.38 10 197.9% Increase
1 Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine (RUSVM), Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.00 0.13 1 0.0% Increase
1 Bethlehem University, Palestinian territories 0.00 0.01 1 0.0% Increase
1 University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Denmark 158.66 151.43 609 -7.6% Decrease
1 Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Spain 59.04 74.08 427 21.4% Increase
1 University of Nizwa, Oman 0.45 3.28 7 606.1% Increase
1 Kim Il-sung University, North Korea 1.75 4.20 5 132.7% Increase
1 Abdou Moumouni University (UAM), Niger 0.00 0.06 1 0.0% Increase
1 Yerevan State University (YSU), Armenia 7.16 4.65 163 -37.1% Decrease
1 University of Warsaw (UW), Poland 49.30 43.00 201 -15.6% Decrease
1 Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Senegal 0.46 0.42 4 -11.8% Decrease
1 Avicenna Tajik State Medical University (ATSMU), Tajikistan 0.00 0.01 1 0.0% Increase
1 Vilnius University (VU), Lithuania 7.26 8.54 103 13.8% Increase
1 Weizmann Institute of Science (WIS), Israel 180.07 153.37 423 -17.6% Decrease
1 Tunis El Manar University (UTM), Tunisia 0.48 0.71 9 41.1% Increase
1 Sapienza University of Rome, Italy 39.15 50.30 381 24.3% Increase
1 University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), China 350.74 455.78 1193 25.7% Increase
1 Harvard University, United States of America (USA) 880.02 924.00 2654 1.6% Increase
1 Albanian University, Albania 0.17 0.20 1 16.1% Increase
1 University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), China 350.74 455.78 1193 25.7% Increase
1 International Burch University (IBU), Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.00 0.03 1 0.0% Increase
1 Baku State University, Azerbaijan 0.21 0.67 2 209.7% Increase
1 Arabian Gulf University (AGU), Bahrain 0.00 0.03 2 0.0% Increase
1 University of the Bahamas (UB), Bahamas 0.13 0.22 2 70.1% Increase
1 Moldova State University (USM), Moldova 0.00 0.06 1 0.0% Increase
1 Harvard University, United States of America (USA) 880.02 924.00 2654 1.6% Increase
1 University of Ghana, Ghana 0.00 1.11 15 0.0% Increase
1 Universidad Nacional de Asuncion (UNA), Paraguay 0.06 0.13 3 131.4% Increase
1 Damascus University, Syria 0.00 0.67 1 0.0% Increase
1 National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (UOA), Greece 10.52 15.90 196 46.2% Increase
1 University of Oslo (UiO), Norway 70.70 77.55 362 6.1% Increase
1 Higher University of San Andrés (UMSA), Bolivia 0.56 0.68 6 16.8% Increase
1 University of Buea (UB), Cameroon 0.01 0.80 8 14,348.6% Increase
1 Autonomous University of Santo Domingo (UASD), Dominican Republic 0.20 0.00 1 -99.6% Decrease
1 University of Chile, Chile 17.10 16.55 162 -6.3% Decrease
1 University of Yangon, Myanmar 0.20 0.30 1 45.2% Increase
1 University of Helsinki, Finland 62.17 64.78 414 0.8% Increase
1 University of Mauritius (UOM), Mauritius 0.00 0.20 1 0.0% Increase
1 University of Toronto (U of T), Canada 321.55 309.66 850 -6.8% Decrease
1 University of Tartu (UT), Estonia 10.20 12.96 85 22.9% Increase
1 Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine 2.28 4.00 25 69.7% Increase
1 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia 105.67 106.82 245 -2.2% Decrease
1 University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Australia 122.30 133.61 465 5.7% Increase
1 National University of Mongolia (NUM), Mongolia 0.50 0.13 4 -74.4% Decrease
1 University of Vienna, Austria 70.01 86.40 293 19.4% Increase
1 University of Cape Town (UCT), South Africa 15.69 15.87 168 -2.1% Decrease
2 Aarhus University (AU), Denmark 93.38 91.37 324 -5.3% Decrease
2 Amity University Tashkent, Uzbekistan 0.00 0.07 1 0.0% Increase
2 Peking University (PKU), China 413.64 437.95 1618 2.5% Increase
2 Sharif University of Technology (SUT), Iran 6.85 7.41 20 4.6% Increase
2 St. Xavier's College (SXC), Nepal 0.17 0.17 1 -3.2% Decrease
2 Universitas Negeri Malang (UM), Indonesia 0.00 1.06 2 0.0% Increase
2 Mkwawa University College of Education (MUCE), Tanzania 0.00 0.13 1 0.0% Increase
2 Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables (CDER), Algeria 0.00 0.25 1 0.0% Increase
2 University of Lagos (Unilag), Nigeria 0.13 0.29 6 114.0% Increase
2 Birzeit University, Palestinian territories 0.00 0.00 1 0.0% Increase
2 Jimma Institute of Technology (JIT), Ethiopia 0.50 0.50 1 -3.2% Decrease
2 Ghent University (UGent), Belgium 84.39 75.76 321 -13.1% Decrease
2 University of Ziguinchor (UASZ), Senegal 0.22 0.20 1 -12.9% Decrease
2 Andres Bello University (UNAB), Chile 6.69 9.33 54 34.9% Increase
2 University of Bamako, Mali 0.17 0.32 2 76.7% Increase
2 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (Wits University), South Africa 9.23 9.90 125 3.9% Increase
2 Ilia State University, Georgia 1.75 0.36 29 -80.0% Decrease
2 University College Cork (UCC), Ireland 11.14 14.69 72 27.6% Increase
2 Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University (UAGRM), Bolivia 0.00 0.13 2 0.0% Increase
2 University of Groningen (RUG), Netherlands 89.09 97.08 389 5.4% Increase
2 Goce Delčev University of Štip, Macedonia 0.00 0.28 2 0.0% Increase
2 University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (UK) 448.39 419.29 1325 -9.5% Decrease
2 Pan American Agricultural School, Honduras 0.01 0.04 4 354.0% Increase
2 Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI), Israel 111.93 116.95 291 1.1% Increase
2 Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú (UNCA), Paraguay 0.00 0.00 1 0.0% Increase
2 Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI), Israel 111.93 116.95 291 1.1% Increase
2 Higher Institute for Applied Sciences & Technology (HIAST), Syria 0.00 0.33 1 0.0% Increase
2 Stanford University, United States of America (USA) 628.04 647.70 1707 -0.2% Decrease
2 Njala University, Sierra Leone 0.00 0.04 1 0.0% Increase
2 Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics (BSUIR), Belarus 0.37 0.14 1 -62.3% Decrease
2 University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague (UCT), Czech Republic 10.99 19.76 38 73.9% Increase
2 Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), South Korea 162.36 151.84 349 -9.5% Decrease
2 African Institutes of Science and Technology (AIST), International 0.20 0.04 1 -81.4% Decrease
2 Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), Vietnam 2.00 1.83 3 -11.3% Decrease
2 University of Tirana, Albania 0.00 0.02 2 0.0% Increase
2 University of Basrah, Iraq 0.00 0.19 3 0.0% Increase
2 Ulaanbaatar State University (USU), Mongolia 0.05 0.02 1 -68.6% Decrease
2 Sana'a University, Yemen 0.00 0.00 1 0.0% Increase
2 Tallinn University of Technology (TUT), Estonia 2.38 7.41 15 201.2% Increase
2 Stanford University, United States of America (USA) 628.04 647.70 1707 -0.2% Decrease
2 Istanbul Technical University (ITU), Turkey 13.31 12.07 96 -12.2% Decrease
2 Simón Bolívar University (USB), Venezuela 0.19 0.30 4 49.1% Increase
2 McGill University, Canada 146.44 160.54 566 6.1% Increase
2 Université des Sciences de la Santé, Gabon 0.00 0.05 1 0.0% Increase
2 University of Global Health Equity (UGHE), Rwanda 0.00 0.04 1 0.0% Increase
2 Stanford University, United States of America (USA) 628.04 647.70 1707 -0.2% Decrease
2 University of Padova (UNIPD), Italy 42.56 46.18 319 5.0% Increase
2 Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria 0.10 0.15 7 46.0% Increase
2 Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy (USMF), Moldova 0.00 0.02 2 0.0% Increase
2 Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Thailand 6.38 8.76 23 32.8% Increase
2 University of Kragujevac, Serbia 0.10 0.66 3 537.1% Increase
2 Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), India 49.10 59.03 200 16.3% Increase
2 Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Bangladesh 0.00 0.58 1 0.0% Increase
2 Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology (MCAST), Malta 0.00 0.01 1 0.0% Increase
2 University of Maribor, Slovenia 1.71 1.33 25 -25.1% Decrease
2 University of Chile, Chile 17.10 16.55 162 -6.3% Decrease
2 Université Catholique de Bukavu (UCB), Congo 0.08 0.34 2 295.9% Increase
2 University of Aveiro (UA), Portugal 13.02 20.22 74 50.2% Increase
2 University of Yaounde I (UYI), Cameroon 0.89 0.77 7 -16.0% Decrease
2 Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Mexico 10.72 8.74 118 -21.1% Decrease
2 Reykjavik University, Iceland 0.84 0.26 7 -69.6% Decrease
2 Mansoura University, Egypt 0.65 1.77 16 165.3% Increase
2 Yerevan Mkhitar Heratsi State Medical University (YSMU), Armenia 0.00 0.08 2 0.0% Increase
2 Karolinska Institute (KI), Sweden 78.15 83.10 416 2.9% Increase
2 Nihon Gakko University, Paraguay 0.00 0.00 1 0.0% Increase
2 King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Saudi Arabia 10.24 7.89 110 -25.5% Decrease
2 Al-Balqa' Applied University (BAU), Jordan 0.09 0.27 3 201.1% Increase
2 Mandalay University Of Distance Education (MUDE), Myanmar 0.00 0.13 1 0.0% Increase
2 Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Uganda 0.00 0.00 2 0.0% Increase
2 United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), United Arab Emirates 0.24 1.63 8 568.9% Increase
2 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland 223.85 268.84 642 16.2% Increase
2 University of Debrecen, Hungary 9.88 10.11 106 -1.0% Decrease
2 Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Azerbaijan 0.00 0.08 2 0.0% Increase
2 Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Botswana 0.00 0.04 2 0.0% Increase
2 State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil 23.79 14.48 120 -41.1% Decrease
2 University of Latvia (LU), Latvia 1.29 2.17 13 62.7% Increase
2 University of Paris-Saclay, France 95.32 92.63 812 -6.0% Decrease
2 Lebanese American University (LAU), Lebanon 0.00 1.42 4 0.0% Increase
2 University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 0.08 0.44 5 413.2% Increase
2 University of Medical Sciences of Havana (UCMH), Cuba 0.00 0.00 1 0.0% Increase
2 National Tsing Hua University (NTHU), Taiwan 51.10 49.71 194 -5.9% Decrease
2 Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU), Cyprus 2.23 2.78 8 21.0% Increase
2 University Hassan II Casablanca (UHII), Morocco 0.14 1.05 57 616.3% Increase
2 University of Crete (UOC), Greece 13.13 14.68 62 8.3% Increase
2 Kyoto University, Japan 289.61 252.15 683 -15.7% Decrease
2 Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine 0.38 1.83 3 373.1% Increase
2 Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB), Ivory Coast 0.10 0.05 2 -53.4% Decrease
2 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (KazNU), Kazakhstan 0.51 1.29 10 145.2% Increase
2 Jagiellonian University (UJ), Poland 32.93 27.28 133 -19.8% Decrease
2 University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (UK) 448.39 419.29 1325 -9.5% Decrease
2 Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar 5.26 1.47 13 -72.9% Decrease
2 West University of Timișoara (UVT), Romania 3.02 4.03 56 29.0% Increase
2 University of Management and Technology (UMT), Pakistan 1.05 2.20 3 102.8% Increase
2 Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway 39.56 40.77 145 -0.3% Decrease
2 National University of Costa Rica (UNA), Costa Rica 0.54 1.46 8 161.0% Increase
2 Monash University, Australia 125.60 131.75 526 1.5% Increase
2 Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Russia 23.40 27.26 115 12.7% Increase
2 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (Wits University), South Africa 9.23 9.90 125 3.9% Increase
2 University of San Carlos (USC), Philippines 0.03 0.22 5 680.7% Increase
2 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana 0.18 0.50 6 160.2% Increase
2 University Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia 0.54 0.57 3 1.8% Increase
2 Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany 145.73 154.86 595 2.8% Increase
2 University of Rijeka (UNIRI), Croatia 2.45 1.59 8 -37.4% Decrease
2 Aalto University, Finland 43.27 38.39 244 -14.1% Decrease
2 Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), Oman 2.30 1.37 4 -42.3% Decrease
2 Peking University (PKU), China 413.64 437.95 1618 2.5% Increase
2 Al-Quds University, Palestinian territories 0.00 0.00 2 0.0% Increase
2 University Clinical Center Sarajevo (UKCS), Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.00 0.01 3 0.0% Increase
2 Kaunas University of Technology (KTU), Lithuania 2.17 1.87 5 -16.4% Decrease
2 Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava (STU), Slovakia 0.98 3.84 17 279.1% Increase
2 National Polytechnic School (EPN), Ecuador 4.97 1.76 78 -65.8% Decrease
2 National University of La Plata (UNLP), Argentina 8.63 6.40 84 -28.3% Decrease
2 Kyrgyz-Turkey Manas University (KTU Manas), Kyrgyzstan 0.04 0.02 2 -58.2% Decrease
2 University of Sciences, Arts and Technology of Natitingou (USATN), Benin 0.00 0.38 1 0.0% Increase
2 Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP), Peru 1.52 0.87 20 -44.2% Decrease
2 Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 238.49 231.61 623 -6.0% Decrease
2 The University of Auckland, New Zealand 25.82 29.12 212 9.1% Increase
2 Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Austria 49.11 46.19 195 -9.0% Decrease
2 University of Barcelona (UB), Spain 62.26 68.37 389 6.3% Increase
2 African Institutes of Science and Technology (AIST), International 0.20 0.04 1 -81.4% Decrease
2 Moi University, Kenya 0.00 0.50 6 0.0% Increase
2 National University of Colombia (UNAL), Colombia 3.39 4.36 54 24.5% Increase
2 Fiji National University (FNU), Fiji 0.01 0.00 1 -94.3% Decrease
2 Australian College of Kuwait (ACK), Kuwait 0.00 0.04 1 0.0% Increase
2 University of Carthage (UCAR), Tunisia 0.38 0.65 4 66.8% Increase
2 University of Tripoli (UT), Libya 0.02 0.00 1 -82.1% Decrease
2 University of the Valley of Guatemala (UVG), Guatemala 0.00 0.50 1 0.0% Increase
3 University of San Simón (UMSS), Bolivia 0.10 0.06 2 -42.1% Decrease
3 The University of British Columbia (UBC), Canada 132.86 143.98 469 4.9% Increase
3 Mahidol University (MU), Thailand 4.29 5.13 53 15.7% Increase
3 University College Dublin (UCD), Ireland 18.10 14.42 181 -22.9% Decrease
3 Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School (IPS), Slovenia 0.76 0.44 8 -43.4% Decrease
3 Mapua University (MU), Philippines 0.00 0.20 1 0.0% Increase
3 Lebanese University (LU), Lebanon 2.96 0.78 8 -74.5% Decrease
3 Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador (PUCE), Ecuador 0.71 0.80 7 9.1% Increase
3 Tel Aviv University (TAU), Israel 87.24 108.21 328 20.0% Increase
3 University of Science and Technology, Yemen (USTY), Yemen 0.00 0.00 1 0.0% Increase
3 The University of Queensland (UQ), Australia 150.36 116.62 451 -24.9% Decrease
3 National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (NYCU), Taiwan 30.50 34.84 110 10.5% Increase
3 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Switzerland 418.68 403.35 1051 -6.8% Decrease
3 The University of Jordan, Jordan 0.56 0.20 1 -65.5% Decrease
3 Osaka University, Japan 171.45 182.59 489 3.1% Increase
3 Georgian Technical University (GTU), Georgia 0.03 0.02 69 -26.6% Decrease
3 Riga Technical University (RTU), Latvia 0.51 0.52 49 -1.5% Decrease
3 University of Sfax, Tunisia 0.30 0.29 3 -6.5% Decrease
3 Imperial College London (ICL), United Kingdom (UK) 233.43 221.19 889 -8.3% Decrease
3 Stellenbosch University (SU), South Africa 15.15 9.13 50 -41.7% Decrease
3 German University of Technology (GUtech), Oman 0.00 0.01 1 0.0% Increase
3 Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LSMU), Lithuania 0.35 0.21 2 -42.7% Decrease
3 University of Douala, Cameroon 0.06 0.52 3 767.7% Increase
3 Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (PUC), Chile 14.68 9.28 196 -38.8% Decrease
3 Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar, Qatar 1.11 1.20 8 4.8% Increase
3 Boğaziçi University (BU), Turkey 3.18 5.03 137 53.2% Increase
3 University of the Andes (ULA), Venezuela 1.04 0.02 1 -97.7% Decrease
3 National University of San Marcos (UNMSM), Peru 0.11 0.79 5 590.5% Increase
3 University of Kelaniya (UoK), Sri Lanka 0.01 0.26 3 2,440.5% Increase
3 Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Pakistan 2.31 1.80 78 -24.6% Decrease
3 King Saud University (KSU), Saudi Arabia 6.53 4.64 43 -31.2% Decrease
3 University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.64 0.00 1 -99.9% Decrease
3 National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics (UNSTIM), Benin 0.00 0.32 2 0.0% Increase
3 Kathmandu University, Nepal 0.20 0.07 2 -65.0% Decrease
3 University of Wrocław (UWr), Poland 12.89 18.48 51 38.8% Increase
3 Gulu University, Uganda 0.00 0.00 2 0.0% Increase
3 University of Ibadan (UI), Nigeria 0.23 0.14 6 -42.6% Decrease
3 Syiah Kuala University (Unsyiah), Indonesia 0.44 0.88 4 92.2% Increase
3 Rosario National University (UNR), Argentina 3.95 4.81 21 17.7% Increase
3 Costa Rica Institute of Technology (TEC), Costa Rica 0.42 0.35 9 -19.2% Decrease
3 Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Iran 10.21 6.46 17 -38.8% Decrease
3 University of Bucharest (UB), Romania 1.82 2.58 11 37.5% Increase
3 Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Bangladesh 0.00 0.33 1 0.0% Increase
3 University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina 17.87 15.80 116 -14.4% Decrease
3 The University of Dodoma, Tanzania 0.02 0.11 1 373.1% Increase
3 Tel Aviv University (TAU), Israel 87.24 108.21 328 20.0% Increase
3 Masaryk University (MU), Czech Republic 21.83 19.26 85 -14.7% Decrease
3 Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonia 0.47 0.50 9 1.7% Increase
3 Wollega University (WU), Ethiopia 0.00 0.24 3 0.0% Increase
3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States of America (USA) 572.13 561.54 1906 -5.0% Decrease
3 Cairo University (CU), Egypt 1.48 1.60 35 4.7% Increase
3 Heidelberg University (Uni Heidelberg), Germany 128.33 138.80 565 4.7% Increase
3 Yonsei University, South Korea 87.93 88.08 271 -3.1% Decrease
3 Agricultural University of Iceland (AUI), Iceland 0.17 0.04 2 -78.0% Decrease
3 Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain), Belgium 29.80 34.84 175 13.1% Increase
3 University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Italy 25.57 34.74 219 31.4% Increase
3 École Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires de Dakar (EISMV), Senegal 0.00 0.01 1 0.0% Increase
3 Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Denmark 76.88 71.21 249 -10.4% Decrease
3 Shwebo University, Myanmar 0.00 0.10 1 0.0% Increase
3 University of Novi Sad, Serbia 0.09 0.49 4 425.2% Increase
3 Tsinghua University, China 399.09 428.62 1391 3.9% Increase
3 Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), Vietnam 2.61 1.51 20 -44.1% Decrease
3 Universidad Católica de Honduras (UNICAH), Honduras 0.00 0.01 1 0.0% Increase
3 Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), Singapore 13.18 17.59 55 29.2% Increase
3 Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics (CING), Cyprus 0.09 0.03 5 -70.4% Decrease
3 University of Amsterdam (UvA), Netherlands 89.28 89.28 571 -3.2% Decrease
3 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), Greece 3.47 7.06 83 97.0% Increase
3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States of America (USA) 572.13 561.54 1906 -5.0% Decrease
3 Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil 18.47 13.17 142 -31.0% Decrease
3 University of Zurich (UZH), Switzerland 132.16 136.43 659 -0.1% Decrease
3 Azerbaijan Medical University (AMU), Azerbaijan 0.00 0.03 2 0.0% Increase
3 V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine 2.25 1.79 11 -22.7% Decrease
3 Los Andes University, Colombia 4.10 3.75 85 -11.4% Decrease
3 Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), India 44.82 50.41 109 8.8% Increase
3 The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Japan 448.85 431.40 1191 -7.0% Decrease
3 Maseno University, Kenya 0.00 0.35 2 0.0% Increase
3 Université PSL, France 74.44 90.18 855 17.2% Increase
3 Russian-Armenian University (RAU), Armenia 0.03 0.00 1 -94.6% Decrease
3 University of Bergen (UIB), Norway 25.56 33.84 249 28.1% Increase
3 An-Najah National University, Palestinian territories 0.00 0.00 8 -45.4% Decrease
3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States of America (USA) 572.13 561.54 1906 -5.0% Decrease
3 University of Jyväskylä, Finland 21.46 19.30 178 -13.0% Decrease
3 Medical University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria 0.00 0.05 1 0.0% Increase
3 Stockholm University, Sweden 86.68 82.46 489 -7.9% Decrease
3 University of Split, Croatia 2.90 0.34 99 -88.5% Decrease
3 Polytechnic University of Tirana (UPT), Albania 0.00 0.02 1 0.0% Increase
3 University for Development Studies (UDS), Ghana 0.00 0.26 2 0.0% Increase
3 University of Porto (UP), Portugal 19.18 13.05 92 -34.2% Decrease
3 University of Oran, Algeria 0.00 0.17 2 0.0% Increase
3 University of Innsbruck (LFU), Austria 37.06 37.23 159 -2.8% Decrease
3 Victoria University of Wellington (Victoria), New Zealand 17.13 16.82 99 -5.0% Decrease
3 State University of Tetova, Macedonia 0.23 0.13 1 -46.2% Decrease
3 Université Ibn Zohr, Morocco 0.17 0.64 5 268.8% Increase
3 L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (ENU), Kazakhstan 0.17 0.69 3 303.2% Increase
3 Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice (UPJŠ), Slovakia 0.66 1.79 24 164.8% Increase
3 University of Lubumbashi, Congo 0.00 0.21 1 0.0% Increase
3 Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Hungary 8.83 6.14 31 -32.7% Decrease
3 University of Valencia (UV), Spain 51.58 54.20 301 1.7% Increase
3 Thi Qar University, Iraq 0.03 0.17 1 448.4% Increase
3 Sabah University of Malaysia (UMS), Malaysia 0.73 0.53 3 -29.2% Decrease
3 University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 2.51 0.48 26 -81.5% Decrease
3 Central American Technological University (UNITEC), Honduras 0.02 0.01 1 -65.8% Decrease
3 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology - State University (MIPT), Russia 18.18 15.51 199 -17.4% Decrease
3 Stellenbosch University (SU), South Africa 15.15 9.13 50 -41.7% Decrease
3 Botho University, Botswana 0.00 0.00 2 0.0% Increase
3 American University of the Middle East (AUM), Kuwait 0.20 0.03 1 -84.9% Decrease
3 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Mexico 4.30 5.67 96 27.5% Increase
3 Université Alassane Ouattara, Ivory Coast 0.00 0.03 1 0.0% Increase
3 Kyrgyz State Medical Academy (KSMA), Kyrgyzstan 0.00 0.00 3 0.0% Increase
4 University of Akureyri (UNAK), Iceland 0.03 0.01 1 -76.1% Decrease
4 University of Limerick (UL), Ireland 12.63 10.11 24 -22.5% Decrease
4 Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Israel 111.70 98.17 281 -15.0% Decrease
4 University of Alberta (U of A), Canada 99.21 95.82 308 -6.5% Decrease
4 Mohammed V University, Morocco 0.39 0.44 56 7.8% Increase
4 University Children's Hospital, Macedonia 0.01 0.04 2 158.3% Increase
4 Nanjing University (NJU), China 392.96 425.54 1055 4.8% Increase
4 Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava (USV), Romania 0.26 1.00 5 269.9% Increase
4 King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia 1.69 4.15 7 138.3% Increase
4 University of Balamand (UOB), Lebanon 0.00 0.18 3 0.0% Increase
4 National University of San Antonio Abad in Cuzco (UNSAAC), Peru 0.21 0.39 7 81.1% Increase
4 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU), Lithuania 0.00 0.13 2 0.0% Increase
4 Australian National University (ANU), Australia 100.85 104.86 381 0.6% Increase
4 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland 223.85 268.84 642 16.2% Increase
4 Arba Minch University (AMU), Ethiopia 0.00 0.13 3 0.0% Increase
4 Faculty of Sciences of Tunis (FST), Tunisia 0.00 0.10 1 0.0% Increase
4 University of Colombo (UoC), Sri Lanka 0.09 0.18 16 94.2% Increase
4 Palacky University (PU), Czech Republic 15.11 17.28 112 10.7% Increase
4 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia 105.67 106.82 245 -2.2% Decrease
4 National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Taiwan 27.12 19.43 66 -30.7% Decrease
4 New Bulgarian University (NBU), Bulgaria 0.00 0.04 2 0.0% Increase
4 National University of Mar Del Plata (UNMdP), Argentina 0.50 4.02 10 682.1% Increase
4 University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), United States of America (USA) 396.12 390.52 1309 -4.6% Decrease
4 Université Nationale d’Agriculture (UNA), Benin 0.00 0.13 1 0.0% Increase
4 Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Kenya 0.07 0.13 5 87.6% Increase
4 University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava (UCM), Slovakia 1.91 1.79 5 -9.2% Decrease
4 University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland 111.19 114.79 366 -0.1% Decrease
4 Lund University (LU), Sweden 81.14 77.27 342 -7.8% Decrease
4 Tallinn University (TU), Estonia 0.09 0.14 4 55.8% Increase
4 Lagos State University (LASU), Nigeria 0.12 0.08 3 -35.1% Decrease
4 Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Nepal 0.00 0.01 1 0.0% Increase
4 Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Brazil 11.39 12.86 48 9.2% Increase
4 Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech), Japan 126.76 149.51 388 14.1% Increase
4 Université Nangui Abrogoua (UNA), Ivory Coast 0.14 0.01 1 -95.1% Decrease
4 Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Ecuador 0.51 0.26 77 -50.3% Decrease
4 Medical University of Vienna (MUW), Austria 21.12 24.50 148 12.3% Increase
4 University of Coimbra (UC), Portugal 13.64 10.06 102 -28.6% Decrease
4 University of Bologna (UNIBO), Italy 33.43 32.67 307 -5.4% Decrease
4 Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies (LLU), Latvia 0.00 0.20 1 0.0% Increase
4 Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia 0.10 0.06 4 -42.1% Decrease
4 Suleyman Demirel University (SDU), Kazakhstan 0.00 0.03 1 0.0% Increase
4 University of Ioannina (UOI), Greece 7.48 5.41 98 -30.0% Decrease
4 University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Norway 10.03 18.56 72 79.1% Increase
4 Phenikaa University, Vietnam 0.00 1.48 13 0.0% Increase
4 Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU), Georgia 0.01 0.01 3 -63.0% Decrease
4 Beni-Suef University (BSU), Egypt 0.20 1.19 12 488.3% Increase
4 University of Szeged (SZTE), Hungary 6.66 5.08 29 -26.1% Decrease
4 University of Turku (UTU), Finland 17.63 19.06 123 4.7% Increase
4 University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), South Africa 7.69 6.99 45 -12.1% Decrease
4 Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jordan 0.06 0.09 4 40.7% Increase
4 University of Science and Technology Houari Boumedienne (USTHB), Algeria 0.00 0.14 1 0.0% Increase
4 University of Public Health, Yangon (UOPH), Myanmar 0.00 0.00 1 0.0% Increase
4 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium 38.34 32.39 201 -18.3% Decrease
4 State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil 23.79 14.48 120 -41.1% Decrease
4 National Distance Education University (UNED), Costa Rica 0.00 0.01 2 0.0% Increase
4 American University of Sharjah (AUS), United Arab Emirates 0.00 0.34 5 0.0% Increase
4 UCL, United Kingdom (UK) 202.02 216.41 857 3.7% Increase
4 Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), India 40.87 42.62 172 0.9% Increase
4 University of Zulia (LUZ), Venezuela 0.08 0.02 2 -76.0% Decrease
4 Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (AMU), Poland 12.86 11.84 40 -10.8% Decrease
4 University of Guanajuato (UG), Mexico 3.55 4.77 14 30.2% Increase
4 University of Canterbury (UC), New Zealand 12.23 9.85 166 -22.1% Decrease
4 Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Tanzania 0.05 0.07 3 35.3% Increase
4 European University Cyprus, Cyprus 0.15 0.01 1 -91.2% Decrease
4 University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Denmark 22.83 20.98 122 -11.1% Decrease
4 University of Oxford, United Kingdom (UK) 412.98 456.34 1377 6.9% Increase
4 University of Malemba Nkulu, Congo 0.00 0.07 1 0.0% Increase
4 Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU), Pakistan 0.03 1.39 3 3,922.8% Increase
4 University of Valle, Colombia 0.80 2.38 5 187.6% Increase
4 Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University (DNU), Ukraine 0.00 1.00 1 0.0% Increase
4 Chiang Mai University (CMU), Thailand 1.05 1.69 19 55.5% Increase
4 Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), South Korea 81.14 86.95 286 3.7% Increase
4 East West University, Bangladesh 0.06 0.25 1 335.5% Increase
4 University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain 53.18 50.68 240 -7.8% Decrease
4 Paris Cité University, France 64.29 64.45 770 -3.0% Decrease
4 University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), United States of America (USA) 396.12 390.52 1309 -4.6% Decrease
4 National University of Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia 0.47 0.46 11 -6.2% Decrease
4 University of Nova Gorica (UNG), Slovenia 0.95 0.44 11 -55.8% Decrease
4 National University Cancer Institute (NCIS), Singapore 0.33 0.95 20 178.2% Increase
4 University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), South Africa 7.69 6.99 45 -12.1% Decrease
4 University of Indonesia (UI), Indonesia 1.56 0.76 5 -53.1% Decrease
4 University of Niš, Serbia 0.01 0.01 1 1.1% Increase
4 University of Concepción (UdeC), Chile 5.92 8.33 63 36.3% Increase
4 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Iran 1.69 6.15 11 252.2% Increase
4 ITMO National Research University (ITMO University), Russia 15.43 15.51 56 -2.8% Decrease
4 Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, The Catholic University of the Philippines (UST), Philippines 0.00 0.19 3 0.0% Increase
4 Tsinghua University, China 399.09 428.62 1391 3.9% Increase
4 Koç University (KU), Turkey 4.49 3.44 17 -25.8% Decrease
4 University of Baghdad (UOB), Iraq 0.00 0.10 4 0.0% Increase
4 University of Cape Coast (UCC), Ghana 0.00 0.06 3 0.0% Increase
4 Leiden University, Netherlands 76.65 82.57 358 4.2% Increase
4 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany 113.33 122.57 415 4.7% Increase
5 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER Kolkata), India 20.54 35.05 64 65.1% Increase
5 Abu Dhabi University (ADU), United Arab Emirates 0.00 0.05 1 0.0% Increase
5 Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Ecuador 1.82 0.23 2 -88.1% Decrease
5 KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden 57.39 65.56 455 10.5% Increase
5 University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain 37.18 35.99 160 -6.3% Decrease
5 University of Technology, Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia 1.27 0.39 3 -70.2% Decrease
5 Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny (INP-HB), Ivory Coast 0.00 0.00 1 0.0% Increase
5 University of Galway, Ireland 10.37 8.88 46 -17.2% Decrease
5 New University of Lisbon (UNL), Portugal 13.09 8.18 52 -39.5% Decrease
5 University of Health and Allied Science (UHAS), Ghana 0.02 0.03 2 72.9% Increase
5 Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Netherlands 96.67 80.84 221 -19.1% Decrease
5 Matej Bel University, Slovakia 0.03 0.22 3 614.5% Increase
5 Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Russia 10.76 14.48 230 30.2% Increase
5 Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), South Korea 69.31 84.80 225 18.4% Increase

Footnote

Each year, the Nature Index publishes tables based on counts of high-quality research outputs in the previous calendar year. Users please note:

  1. The data behind the tables are based on a relatively small proportion of total research papers, they cover the natural sciences and health sciences only and outputs are non-normalized (that is, they don’t reflect the size of the country or institution, or its overall research output).
  2. The Nature Index is one indicator of institutional research performance. The metrics of Count and Share used to order Nature Index listings are based on an institution’s or country’s publication output in 145 natural-science and health-science journals. The journals were selected on reputation by an independent panel of leading scientists in their fields. The list is reviewed periodically and journals may be removed or added. Articles from eLife were no longer included in the Nature Index from 2023 after the journal changed its publishing model.
  3. Nature Index recognizes that many other factors must be taken into account when considering research quality and institutional performance; Nature Index metrics alone should not be used to assess institutions or individuals.
  4. Nature Index data and methods are transparent and available under a creative commons licence at nature.com/nature-index/.
  5. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The Nature Index database undergoes regular updating, corrections, adjustment of institutional hierarchies, and removal of retracted papers and thus the live website can differ from the frozen research leaders.