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How to reduce animal numbers and increase the information content of animal-based studies. A ‘well-built’ research question turns the research hypothesis into an actionable, focused, and testable plan of action.
Oral vaccines are gaining attention for their ease of administration and ability to activate mucosal immune responses. However, preclinical studies using this route often require the use of gavage, which has limitations. In this comment, we briefly discuss the challenges associated with gavage as a technique for studying oral vaccine administration in preclinical models and explore alternative methods.