Table 1 - Studies of breathing and swallowing coordination
From the following article
Coordination of respiration and swallowing
Bonnie Martin-Harris
GI Motility online (2006)
doi:10.1038/gimo10
Year | Researchers | Subjects | Normal (N)/Disordered (D) | Bolus texture and volume | Respiratory phase | Apnea duration | Recording method | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source: Modified from Edgar.140 | ||||||||||
CVA cerebral vascular accident | ||||||||||
MS multiple sclerosis | ||||||||||
MND motor neuron disease | ||||||||||
PD – Parkinson's disease | ||||||||||
OSCCA Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma | ||||||||||
1920 | Clark | N = 17 | N | Solid food | 88.5 % EX before swallow, 11.5% IN before swallow | M = 1.5 s | Stethograph | |||
Liquid (water) | 71.0% EX before swallow, 29.0% IN before swallow | M = 1.4 s | ||||||||
1985 | Nishino, Yonezawa, & Honda | 25–35 yrs | N | Saliva | 82% EX before swallow | M = 1.13 s | Hot-wire respiratory flow-meter (mouthpiece) | |||
Water | 84% EX before swallow | M = 1.06 s | ||||||||
1989 a, b | Selley, Flack, Ellis, & Brooks | 18–30 yrs | N | 18–30 yrs | Fruit juice: 5 mL | 67% EX before swallow 33% IN before swallow 95% EX after swallow 5% IN after swallow | M = 0.6 s | Nasal canula | ||
60–90 yrs | 60–90 yrs | M = 1.0 s | ||||||||
41–84 yrs | D | CVAi | 43% IN after swallow | M = 1.2 s | ||||||
MS | M = 1.3 s | |||||||||
MND | M = 1.1 s | |||||||||
1989 | Smith, Wolcove, Colacone, & Kreisman | 22–45 yrs (men only) | N | 2 glasses of water in 1–2 minutes | "Most common" EX–EX 16% IN–EX 0.7% IN–IN | Not stated | Respiratory inductive plethysmography | |||
2 doughnuts in 5–10 minutes | ||||||||||
1991 | Martin (dissertation) | |||||||||
Group I | Group II | |||||||||
1992 | Preiksaitis, Mayrand, Robins, & Diamant | 20–48 yrs Group I: A marked decrease in apnea duration with increasing bolus size Group II: No change in apnea duration when comparing a nonbolus swallow with 5-mL bolus but gradual increase in apnea duration from 5 to 20 mL | N | No bolus | 71.4% EX-EX 17.8% IN-EX 10.1% EX-IN 1.1% IN-IN | 67.5% EX-EX 11.1% IN-EX 19.8% EX-IN 1.6% IN-IN | Not stated | Nasal canula | ||
5 mL | 72.7% EX-EX 23.6% IN-EX 3.6% EX-IN 0% IN-IN | M = 2.33 s | M = 1.29 s | |||||||
10 mL | 78.2% EX-EX 21.8% IN-EX 0% EX-IN 0% IN-IN | M = 0.99 s | M = 1.23 s | |||||||
15 mL | 72.6% EX-EX 23.5% IN-EX 3.9% EX-IN 0% IN-IN | M = 0.96 s | M = 1.55 s | |||||||
20 mL | 67.5% EX-EX 11.1% IN-EX 19.8% EX-IN 1.6% IN-IN | M = 0.86 s | M = 2.42 s | |||||||
1992 | Shaker, Li, Ren, Townsend, Dodds, Martin, Kern, & Ryders | Young: 18–34 yrs Elderly: 63–83 yrs | N | Dry swallow at rest; dry swallow with tachypnea; water: 5 mL at rest; water: 5 mL with tachypnea | EX likely before swallow in young; IN likely before swallow in elderly; 90% EX after swallow | Decreased apneic period with increased respiratory rate; water swallows similar to dry swallows | Stethograph | |||
1994 | Edgar (dissertation) | 50–85 yrs | Water: 10 mL | 95% EX after swallow | ||||||
1994 | Martin, Logemann, Shaker, & Dodds | 17–30 yrs | N | Water: 3, 10, 20 mL | 100% EX after swallow; 94% EX before swallow with endoscope, 100% otherwise | M = 1.09 0.27 s | Respiratory inductive plethysmography | |||
N | Water: 100 mL (cup) | 85% EX before wallow, 62% EX after swallow; 46.1% EX-EX 38.5% EX-IN 15.4% IN-EX | M = 7.71 5.51 s | |||||||
1995 | McFarland & Lund | 19–33 yrs | N | Carrot: 1 cm3 | >89% EX before swallow | Not Stated | Respiratory inductive plethysmography | |||
1996 | Preiksaitis & Mills | 19–25 yrs | N | Water: 5, 10, 20 mL; Kool-Aid (thin, thick, syrup, semisolid): 5 mL; cookie: 1 bite | 92.5% EX after swallow regardless of volume; 77% EX-EX regardless of consistency | M = 0.46–1.37 s | Respiratory inductive plethysmography | |||
200 mL water | EX before swallow preferred (25–30% was IN) | Cup: M = 0.85 s Straw: M = 0.65 s (interpretation from histogram) | ||||||||
1999 | Klahn & Perlman | 18–25 yrs | N | Water | 100% EX before swallow 93% before swallow in males, 100% in females | Male: M = 0.76 s Female: M = 0.73 s | Nasal canula | |||
Applesauce | 100% EX before swallow; 89% before swallow for both genders | Male: M = 0.74 s Female: M = 0.76 s | ||||||||
2000 | Hadjikoutis, Pickersgill, Dawson, & Wiles | 21–73 yrs | N | Tepid water: 5 mL | 91% EX after swallow; 9% IN after swallow (only with 20 mL on 50% of swallows | Not stated | Intranasal pressure instrument | |||
Tepid water: 10 mL | ||||||||||
Tepid water: 20 mL | ||||||||||
21–76 yrs | D (various neurologic disorders) | Tepid water: 5 mL | 91% IN after swallow | M = 1.8 s | ||||||
Tepid water: 10 mL | M = 2.9 s | |||||||||
Tepid water: 20 mL | M = 4.0 s | |||||||||
2000 | Perlman, Etterna, & Barkmeier | 20–29 yrs | N | Liquid barium: 5 mL | 79% EX before swallow; 96% EX after swallow | M = 0.788 s | Nasal canula | |||
Liquid barium: 10 mL | M = 0.742 s | |||||||||
Barium paste: 5 mL | M = 0.914 s | |||||||||
2000 | Pinnington, Muhiddin, Ellis, & Playford | M = 78 yrs | N | Liquid: 5 mL (water or orange squash) | 88% EX before swallow, 12% IN before swallow; 99% EX after swallow | Not stated | Nasal canula | |||
M = 68 yrs | D (PDii) | 83% EX before swallow, 10% IN before swallow, 7% apneic before swallow; 80% EX after swallow | ||||||||
2001 | Hiss, Treole, & Stuart | 20–39 yrs (young) 40–59 yrs (middle aged) 60–83 yrs (elderly) | N | Saliva | 62% EX-EX; 75% EX before swallow, 86% EX after swallow; No difference between age groups | Not stated | Means Young: M = 0.84 s Middle aged: M = 0.92 s Elderly: M = 1.10 s | Nasal canula | ||
Liquid: 10 mL | M = 0.87 s | |||||||||
Liquid: 15 mL | M = 0.91 s | |||||||||
Liquid: 20 mL | M = 0.95 s | |||||||||
Liquid: 25 mL | M = 1.09 s | |||||||||
2002 | Hirst, Ford, Gibson, & Wilson | 62–84 yrs | N | Water: 5 mL | 91% EX after swallow 9% IN after swallow | Median: 1.06 s | Nasal thermistor | |||
Water: 20 mL | Median: 1.24 s | |||||||||
Water: 100 mL (cup) | 78.5% EX after swallow | Median: 3 breaths/swallow | ||||||||
Water: 100 mL (straw) | 64% EX after swallow | Median: 2 breaths/swallow | ||||||||
2002 | Leslie, Drinnan, Ford, & Wilson | 20–78 yrs | N | Water: 5 mL | 98% EX after swallow | M: 0.76 s | Nasal canula | |||
Yogurt: 5 mL | 80% EX after swallow | M: 0.75 s | ||||||||
51–82 yrs | D (CVA) | Water: 5 mL | 83% EX after swallow | M: 0.77 s | ||||||
Yogurt: 5 mL | 89% EX after swallow | M: 0.69 s | ||||||||
2003 | Martin-Harris, Brodsky, Price, Michel, & Walters | 21–40 | N | Liquid barium: 5 mL | Trial 1: 79% EX-EX 21% IN-EX Trial 2: 82% EX-EX 18% IN-EX | M = 1.76 s Range = 0.6-7.34 s 75% of subjects 1 s | Nasal canula | |||
2004 | Martin-Harris, Brodsky, Michel, Gillespie, & Day | 42–79 | N | Liquid barium: 5 mL | 72.5% EX-EX 5.0% EX-IN 20.0% IN-EX 2.5% IN-IN | M = 1.7 s | Nasal canula | |||
44–78 | D OSCCA | Liquid barium: 5 mL | 37.5% EX-EX 10.0% EX-IN 50.0% IN-EX 2.5% IN-IN | M = 3.4 s | Nasal canula | |||||
2005 | Martin-Harris, Brodsky, Michel, Ford, Walters, Heffner | 21–97 | N | Liquid barium: 5 mL | Trial 1: 71% EX-EX 22% IN-EX Trial 2: 75% EX-EX 18% IN-EX | Median = 1.00 s | Nasal canula |